A Retrospective and Prospective Analysis
of Cloud Computing: Historical Context,
Deployment Strategies, and Service
Models
Nagaraju Ankathi1*, Dr. Kumar Bhatia2
1 Programmer Analyst IV, Kinecta Federal Credit Union, CA, USA
Email: ankathinagarajuresearch@gmail.com
2 Professor, Department of Computer Engineering, Techno Global University, India
Email: bhatiakumar1979@gmail.com
Abstract - The network concerned usually discusses the use of the Internet for various
services, including data storage, software, security, etc. These services are commonly
referred to as cloud-based information services. Examples of such services include Gmail,
YouTube, Amazon, and Dropbox. The paper covers the evolution of cloud computing from its
early stages to the present day and explores the different services offered by cloud computing
in both personal and business computing scenarios. It provides an overview of the history,
deployment, and service models that led to the development of cloud computing.
Keywords - Cloud computing, service models, deployment
INTRODUCTION
Cloud processing is a type of net-located computing that is very similar to the Internet. It enables
electronic preferred web holding servers to offer a variety of services, including data, tools, and
applications to customers on a pay-as-you-use basis. Cloud processing customers need the physical
construct, but rather, they lease the use of infrastructure from a 3rd party provider. They pay only for
what they are using. IT organization companies source solutions for buyers, which customers then
utilize on a pay-per-use basis. Buyers can access these services provided by vendors using a web
browser. A large amount of data is stored in many cloud net hosting servers, and the collection of
host servers constitutes a Data center.
The vendors provided by distributors could be categorized into three variants that present exclusively
just how companies are being offered to the clients. The service models are, in simple fact, solution-
altered design that informs us about the unique level of absorption. They are as follows:
Platform as a Service (PaaS): PaaS provides all the information and tools required to develop
applications and services completely using the internet without installing or downloading software.
PaaS service includes helpful suggestions, development, and hosting. Other services include
connection, web service integration, DB integration, security, and scaling.
Customers do not need to worry about getting software and hardware or hiring experts to manage
them. PaaS provides flexibility in developing software on a system, and scalability is another
advantage. The disadvantage of PaaS is the lack of interoperability and mobility among providers.
Software as a Service (SaaS): This model is the one in which an application is hosted as a service
to customers who access it through the internet. It provides us with the functionality of various
software applications, operating systems, and resources without the need to install them on your
device, upgrade, and obtain licenses.
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): This model is responsible for providing virtualized computer
essential information and physique information. IaaS users design their virtual lot, on which they are
responsible for installing, maintaining, and executing their very own software application stack. IaaS
offers various resources for virtualizing and converting physical resources to logical ones that users
can provision and accept as required.
HISTORY
Cloud computing has its roots in the early days of computer science. In 1961, computer scientist John
McCarthy predicted that computers would revolutionize the world and become as commonplace as
telephones. He believed that computing might someday be seen as a form of electricity, powering
everything from homes to businesses.
In 1969, Leonard Kleinrock, a key researcher on the ARPANET project (which eventually led to the
Internet), predicted that we would soon see the emergence of "computer utilities." Today, we use a
variety of Internet-based computer utilities, such as search engines, email services, and social media
sites. These services have become the foundation of modern cloud computing.
In the late 1990s, companies like Salesforce.com began offering remotely provisioned business
solutions. In 2002, Amazon introduced its AWS platform, which provides remotely provisioned
storage, computing resources, and business applications.
The term "cloud" or "cloud computing" originated in the 1990s among networking professionals. It
referred to the distribution of information across various public and semi-public networks. This
concept has since been applied to mobile networks as well. Today, social media platforms use the
cloud to store and disseminate vast amounts of data.
It wasn't until 2006 that the term "cloud computing" became mainstream. Amazon's Elastic Compute
Cloud (EC2) allowed businesses to "rent" computing power to run their applications. Google followed
suit with its App Engine in 2008. Today, cloud computing is an integral part of modern business and
technology.
SERVICE MODELS
Depending on specific requirements, cloud computing services can be deployed in various ways.
There are three main service models, also known as the major business models:
1. Software as a Service (SaaS): Users can access and use a service or application hosted in the
cloud. For example, Salesforce.com offers a service where customer interactions are hosted in the
cloud.
Microsoft has also developed its own cloud-based Office suite, which is available through a
subscription model as part of their cloud computing solution, Microsoft Office 365.
2. Platform as a Service (PaaS): Users can access a platform that allows them to deploy and build
software applications in the cloud. The user does not manage the operating system and hardware,
and there may be limitations on which applications can be used. Examples include Amazon Web
Services (AWS), Rackspace, and Microsoft Azure.
3. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): Users manage and control the systems within the platform
application, including storage, network, and physical infrastructure, but do not manage the cloud
infrastructure itself.
There are also other specific models, such as Communications as a Service (CaaS), a managed
Internet Protocol (IP) telephony service. CaaS is part of the SaaS model and is used in more IP-
centric communications with SIP trunking implementations. With IP and SIP in place, it is now as
easy to have a Private Branch Exchange (PBX) in the cloud as it is on the premises .
Figure 1: Service Model Types
DEPLOYMENT MODELS
The establishment of cloud computing can vary depending on the requirements. Four types of cloud
deployment have been identified, each with specific features that cater to the needs of businesses
and cloud users.
1. Personal Cloud: This cloud infrastructure is created and maintained for a specific organization,
and can be operated internally or by a third party off-site.
2. Community Cloud: The cloud infrastructure is shared among multiple organizations with similar
interests and requirements. This can help reduce costs for each organization, as expenses are
shared among them. The operation can be internal or by a third party off-site.
3. Public Cloud: The cloud infrastructure is available to the general public through a cloud provider,
allowing users to establish and run their business in the cloud with minimal financial investment
compared to other deployment options.
4. Hybrid Cloud: This cloud infrastructure combines multiple clouds of any type, allowing for the
transfer of data and/or applications from one cloud to another. It can be a combination of private and
public clouds that maintain certain data in-house while also providing services in the cloud.
CHALLENGES & ISSUES
Our provider has identified several barriers and complications that hinder the processing of cloud-
based services. As significant economic activity is linked to this area, it is crucial to address these
issues as early as possible. Figure 2 provides an overview of the research conducted by our
company on the standard concerns of cloud computing. The consumer's primary concern is taken into
account, and only a percentage of 4.5 is being discovered. Security is a significant issue that must be
addressed in a cloud computing environment.
When using cloud-based services, one is entrusting their information to a third party for storage and
security. Can one assume that a cloud-based company will adequately secure and protect one's
information? Cloud computing poses certain challenges to privacy and security. Backing up data,
looking for file errors, and protecting against security breaches are just some of the challenges. When
data is entrusted to a cloud-based service, which third-parties have access to that information? Cloud
sourcing involves using multiple providers, and many cloud-based providers offer services to each
other. As a result, cloud-based products may need to share your data with third parties if they are
involved in managing or transferring your data. They may even share your information with
advertisers. Security and privacy present a real risk to cloud computing.
Figure 2: Graph depicting the concerns of clients on cloud computing issues
Table 1: Economy Impact Table Due To Cloud Outages
Performance
Cloud computing involves significant availability concerns. The cloud providers need to ensure that
the functionality of the service being used remains the same throughout. There may be peak usage
breakdowns, internal issues, and other technical glitches arising. Load balancers, data replicators,
and powerful servers have to be installed when needed.
Although cloud services promise to be 24x7x365, outages occur regularly. Interruptions can be
planned or unplanned. Table 1 provides information about the downtime in hours and the economic
impact of cloud power interruptions of various cloud providers from 2007 to 2012.
Cloud computing may have higher costs due to its requirements for both "always on" connection and
the use of large amounts of data.
Cloud computing requires "high-speed broadband." While many websites are usable on non-
broadband or slow broadband connections, cloud-based applications often need to be more practical.
Link speed in kilobytes per second (or MB/s and GB/s) is necessary for the use of cloud computing
services. Also important are Quality of Service (QoS) metrics, such as the amount of time the
connections are lost, ping time, and the size of the delays in processing network information (latency),
as well as packet loss.
Only a few providers are currently available, which is still holding back many SMEs from joining the
cloud
THE EVOLUTION OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Cloud Computing is a term used to describe a system that provides services through a remote server.
This term has become increasingly popular in recent years and is often depicted as a cloud in
illustrations of cloud-based systems. The use of cloud-like shapes in visual representations of the
internet is a common practice in mainstream media and publications that cover communication
systems. However, the term "Cloud Computing" is relatively new. To fully understand this concept, we
need to look back at the history of computing and examine the earlier models of service provisioning
over a communication system.
In the early 1950s, data central processing units were introduced, and companies rented these
single-user, non-shareable machines for about $25,000 per month. Programmers would register for
"jobs" on these computers, and each job would be a block of time dedicated to processing a single
program. These manual processes were time-consuming and often resulted in wasted processing
time due to inefficiencies.
To improve efficiency, General Motors (GM) and N. American Aviation (NAA) developed the GM NAA
I/O (Input/Output) system in 1956. This system allowed for "batch processing," where multiple
programs could be processed at once without manual intervention. The IBM System/360 data
processor, introduced in 1964, further improved upon this system by separating I/O tasks from the
processor and allocating them to an I/O sub-system. This freed up the CPU to perform computations
required for other tasks.
Interactive processing, on the other hand, allows users to interact with the computer in real-time. This
concept was introduced by the SAGE (Semi-Automatic Ground Environment) system, which allowed
a single user to actively use a computer at once. However, allowing a single user to monopolize a
resource led to inefficiencies in resource usage.
To address this issue, MIT developed the Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS) in 1961, which
allowed for multiple users to access a computer simultaneously. IBM's Time Sharing Option (TSO)
further improved upon this system by enabling the CPU to switch between tasks quickly, giving each
user the impression of having the full attention of the computer.
In addition to time-sharing, remote access to computers through terminals became a crucial
component of computing. Multiple locations were "multiplexed" over telephone lines, allowing users to
connect to a specific data processor through a modem. This remote access was a significant
development in computing and greatly expanded its reach.
Overall, the history of computing has seen significant developments in service provisioning systems.
These systems have evolved from single-user, manual processes to time-sharing and interactive
processing to provide faster and more efficient computing solutions. The introduction of remote
access has further expanded the reach of computing, making it an integral part of our daily lives.
CONCLUSION
Various cloud implementation models are available that can help produce relevant information for
clients. However, the market value of each model depends on the selection and the user who will be
using it, which affects its security. Table 1 shows the range of implementation models and their
security levels. Due to the shared nature and different environments of the cloud, security and privacy
concerns are significant issues. This paper provides an overview of the data, implementation, and
service models used in cloud processing.
REFERENCES
1. R. Aoun and M. Gagnaire, “Towards a fairer benefit distribution in Grid environments,” inProc.
IEEE/ACS AICCSA Conf., 2009,pp. 21– 26.
2. Peddyreddy. Swathi, “Approaches And Objectives towards Financial Management”,
International Journal of Advanced in Management, Technology and Engineering Sciences,
Volume IV, Issue I, 2014
3. Peddyreddy. Swathi, “An Overview On The Types Of Capitalization”, International Journal of
Advanced in Management, Technology and Engineering Sciences, Volume VI, Issue I, 2016
4. Peddyreddy. Swathi, “Architecture And Editions of Sql Server”, International Journal of
Scientific Research in Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology, Volume
2, Issue 4, May-June-2017
5. Peddyreddy. Swathi, “Scope of Financial Management and Functions of Finance”,
International Journal of Advanced in Management, Technology and Engineering Sciences,
Volume III, Issue 1, 2013
6. Peddyreddy. Swathi, “A Study On Security Towards Sql Server Database”, JASC: Journal of
Applied Science and Computation, Volume V, Issue II, February 2018
7. Peddyreddy. Swathi, “A Comprehensive Review on The Sources of Finance”, International
Journal of Scientific Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, Volume 1, Issue 4,
July-August 2015
8. Peddyreddy. Swathi, “A Study on SQL - RDBMS Concepts And Database Normalization”,
JASC: Journal of Applied Science and Computations, Volume VII, Issue VIII, August 2020
9. Nagaraju Ankathi, Dr. Rajashekar Kummala,“Optimizing Big Data Workflows in Cloud
Computing Environments”, “International Journal of Scientific Research in Science,
Engineering and Technology”, Volume 3, Issue 3, 2017
10. Nagaraju Ankathi, Dr. Rajashekar Kummala, “Deployment Models and Web 2.0 Interfaces for
Enhanced Business Solutions”, “International Journal of Scientific Research in Science,
Engineering and Technology”, Volume 1, Issue 4, 2015
11. Nagaraju Ankathi, Dr. Kameshwar Rao, “Design Cycle and Deployment Considerations
towards Efficient Implementation of Big Data Analytics in the Cloud”, “International Journal of
Scientific Research in Science and Technology”, January-February-2016 [(2)1: 273-281 ]
12. Nagaraju Ankathi,“Optimizing Network Performance via Big Data Utilization”, “International
Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering”,
Vol. 8, Issue 4, April 2019
13. Nagaraju Ankathi,“Critical Elements of Cloud Computing Infrastructure”, “International Journal
of Advanced Research in Arts, Science, Engineering & Management (IJARASEM)”, Volume 1,
Issue 2, November 2014
14. Nagaraju Ankathi,“The Journey of Cloud Computing Service Models: Evolution and Trends”,
“International Journal of Advanced Research in Arts, Science, Engineering & Management
(IJARASEM)”, Volume 5, Issue 5, September 2018
15. Keerthi Vuppula, “Access Control with Energy Restrictions for IoT Nodes Power”,
“International Journal on Applications in Engineering and Technology”, Volume 4, Issue 3:
September 2018, pp 1 – 6
16. Keerthi Vuppula, “Method for Recognizing Palmprints Using Neighboring Direction Indicator”,
“International Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and Management (IJSREM)”,
Volume 05, Issue: 11, November - 2021
17. Keerthi Vuppula, “Smart Door Unlock System Using Face Recognition and machine learning”,
“JOURNAL FOR INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT IN PHARMACEUTICAL AND TECHNICAL
SCIENCE”, Volume-2, Issue-3 (Mar-2019)
18. Keerthi Vuppula, Dr. Narsimha Reddy, “Computer-Aided Diagnosis for Diseases using
Machine Learning”, “International Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and
Management (IJSREM)”, Volume 04, Issue 12, November - 2020
19. R. Aoun, E. A. Doumith, and M. Gagnaire, “Resource provisioning for enriched services in
Cloud environment,” in Proc. IEEE CloudCom Conf., 2010, pp. 296 – 303.
20. R. Buyya, C. S. Yeo, and S. Venugopal, “Market-oriented Cloud com- puting: Vision, hype,
and reality for delivering IT services as computing utilities,” inProc. IEEE/ACM Grid Conf.,
2008, pp. 50–57.
