Effect of Spectators on Athletes Performing Selected Skill Tests In Basketball
The Influence of Spectators on Athletes' Performance in Basketball Skill Tests
by Dr. Rajender Singh*, Mr. Rohtash Kumar, Mr. Susheel Kumar,
- Published in International Journal of Physical Education & Sports Sciences, E-ISSN: 2231-3745
Volume 1, Issue No. 2, Jul 2011, Pages 0 - 0 (0)
Published by: Ignited Minds Journals
ABSTRACT
The purpose of the present study was effect of spectatorson athletes performing selected skill tests in basketball. Thirty fiveBasketball players of Lakshmibai National College of Physical Education,Gwalior were selected as subjects for this study. The following standardBasketball skill tests were taken as criterion measures (1) Free throw shooting, (2) Side shooting,(3) Dribbling, (4) Passing. The above tests were conducted by the researcher in three differentsituations, namely, (a) Isolated situation, (b) In the presence of Coach (C) Inthe presence of spectators – the above tests were conducted by the researchersat the basketball stadium of the college from 2.30 pm. to 4.30 pm. In the monthof December, giving sufficient gap for each situation. Presence of coach provesto be a better motivating factor in improving the skill performance inbasketball in comparison to presence of spectators.
KEYWORD
spectators, athletes, skill tests, basketball, effect, free throw shooting, side shooting, dribbling, passing, coach
INTRODUCTION:
The performance of the athletes at all levels of competition is affected by number of factors as suggested by Alderman (1974) and Cratty (1967) in their models of performance. The spectator behavior is one of the major factors which influence the athletic performance. The trainers, athletes and sports scientists about the influence of spectators on performance. Singer (3) conducted a study to find out effect of spectators on athletes and non-athletes performing a gross motor task. The results of the study revealed that, non-athletes performed on the stabiliometer at a significantly higher level of skill than the athletes in the presence of spectators. Martens (4) also conducted a study to investigate the effect on performance of Learning a complex motor task in the presence of spectators and found that the subjects who learned the task in the presence of an audience performed less consistently alone than subjects who performed in the presence of audience.
METHODOLOGY:
Thirty five Basketball players of Lakshmibai National College of Physical Education, Gwalior were selected as subjects for this study. The following standard Basketball skill tests were taken as criterion measures (1) Free throw shooting, (2) Side shooting, (3) Dribbling, (4 Passing. The above tests were conducted by the researcher in three different situations, namely, (a) Isolated situation, (b) In the presence of Coach (C) In the presence of spectators – the above tests were conducted by the researchers at the basketball stadium of the college from 2.30 pm. to 4.30 pm. In the month of December, giving sufficient gap for each situation.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
In order to find out differences in performance in four skill tests in three different situations, analysis of variance was employed. Further post-hoc analysis was also used for each test item. ANOVA for the scores on four different tests is present tests is presented in Table 1. Post-hoc analysis for the means of three different situations on the scores of four skill test is presented in Table 2.
ANOVA FOR THE SCORES ON FOUR SKILL TESTS
The analysis of data clearly reveals that F values are highly significant in all the test items.
TABLE 2 POST-HOC ANALYSIS FOR THE MEANS OF THREE DIFFERENT SITUATIONS ON THE SCORES OF FOUR SKILL TESTS
performance of basketball players in Isolated and Coach Presence situation in all the four skill tests. When performance of the players in isolated situation was compared with Presence of Spectators, significant difference was observed in all the four skill tests. When performance of the basketball players in presence of coach was compared with Presence of Spectators, significant difference was found in all the tests items except free throw.
CONCLUSIONS:
1. Presence of Spectators acts as a positive stimulating factor to enhance skil performance of basketball players of collegiate level. 2. Presence of coach also acts as strong source of motivation in improving skill performance in basketball. 3. Presence of coach proves to be a better motivating factor in improving the skill performance in basketball in comparison to presence of spectators.
REFERENCES:
1. Bryant J. Cratty. Psychology in Contemporary Sports. Prentice Hall Englewood Cliffs, New Jersy, 1989, p. 165. 2. Linda K. Bunker, Robert J. Rotella and Ann S. Reilly. Sports Psychology - Psychology – Psychological Considerations in Maximizing Sports Performance. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersy, 1978, p 239. 3. Robert N. Singer. Effect of Spectators on Athletes and Non- athletes Performing Gross Motor Task. Research Quarterly 36 (1965):473. 4. Rainer Martens. Effect on Performance of Learning a Complex Motor Task in the Presence of Spectators. “ Research” Quarterly 40 (1969) :317 Dr. Rajender Singh Mr. Rohtash Kumar Mr. Susheel Kumar
