An Analysis of the Eye Motion between the Different Levels of Badminton

An investigation into the cognitive process and eye motion of badminton players

by Dr. Meenakshi Tripathi*,

- Published in International Journal of Physical Education & Sports Sciences, E-ISSN: 2231-3745

Volume 13, Issue No. 1, Jan 2018, Pages 134 - 138 (5)

Published by: Ignited Minds Journals


ABSTRACT

Badminton is a game well known for its speed, deception and making adjustments to the situation. This game involves many psychological skills, from which to determine. Experts are the players who have obtained outstanding results from their group. Decision building skills apply directly to the athlete level, and are a key component of the sport's high success. This decision making is primarily affected by the attention a player pays to the game, the game or the tournament. The player's visual focus plays an important part in decision-making in the badminton game. Here the visual style varies from expert to non-expert. The goal of the study was to examine the cognitive process between badminton players at several levels through eye motion.

KEYWORD

badminton, eye motion, psychological skills, decision making, visual focus, cognitive process

INTRODUCTION

Modern-day sports have become a difficult competition, and the use of technology not only in daily life but also in sports to improve efficiency has made dramatic progress. Athleten and coaches use various advanced technological gadgets for improving performance including biofeedback, virtual reality, neuro feedback trainers, neuro trackers, wearable technology, and multiple apps. By using technology, there can be very minor improvements in efficiency, but this varies from the benefit and loss of a sportsman's life. Many researchers such as Peter Fadde and Leonard Zaichkowsky are investigating available technologies to assess and improve the perceiving-cognitive abilities of athletes, including visual occlusion, virtual reality, and multi-object 3D tracking. Further knowledge from Aidan Moran, Mark Campbell and Danilla Ranieri is possible applications, considerations and evidence of how eye tracking can be used to improve cognitive training in applied sports psychology. Eye tracking as an instrument in sport science helps to improve athletic performance through the identification of faults linked to concentration, direction forecasts, visual search techniques, and the synchronization of the eye-hand. Even an eye misalignment cannot be noticed in the mirror by an observer. Two out of three athletes are affected by this disorder. Studies show that if this disorder is not identified and then corrected, it may cause serious lifelong complications as well as sport and sports injuries. Scientific studies show that the ability of a sportsman to read a ball's movements is essential to the result of a game. Eye tracking has been a crucial knowledge source for perception and understanding for over 50 years, as McCarley and Kramer have checked (2007). A range of topics, including patterns of bolt and saccade, have been studied while reading text, pilot workloads across 2 various phases of flight and visual advertising performance, among many. However, research in sport, like eye-tracking, was not as normal.

The Eyes

The eyes are the brain's dominant sensory bodies (Hubel & Weisel, 1968). Of all the senses humans, the capacity of internal visual perception eventually contributes enormously to and responds to the comprehension of the world, allowing them to obtain much of the knowledge for further analyses and not just to the external vision. Human as a child, his eyes display the world's understanding. The perception of his surroundings is achieved with one of the most complex sense organ, which is the eyes, recognise his loved ones, sense danger and emotional expressions. Human beings have taken a way through several research ventures to understand the human eye and the composite vision system. German physicist Hermamm von Helmholtz has explained well eye mathematics, which also provides a collection of theories of vision, ideas about the visual perception of space, studies into colour vision and empiricism of perception physiology around the 1800s. The human eyes help construct a picture that travels three dimensions, generally coloured at daylight. Rod and cone cells in the retina have a deliberate vision and light perception, including colour distinction and depth perception. This light focuses on the retina fovea and is very dim. This dimension permits one to only generate two to three degrees visual angle in clear and informative pictures (Land, 2016). When the eyes, head and body shift deliberately to set a picture in a fovea, the term look control is called the situation. More reliable motions including saccades and steadiness fixation and follow-up tracking are used for

interpret and use information for more psychological study to ensure that the eye works optimally. The bodily movement is associated with the function of the musculoskeletal system, but only by correctly perceiving it with the sensory organs, especially eyes. Sports rely on the high-quality visual understanding of all skills and technologic acquisition and execution. It is important to see clearly, but it is only part of the visual system that works well. At a competitive level, athletic success requires a range of additional visual skills: eye motions, focal stability, depth perception, sensitivity of contrast, visual response time, eye hand coordination, visual acuity dynamics, and static visual acuity 20/20 visual performance.

Eye tracking

A sports optometer acquires great expertise and diagnostics with an eye tracker to further boost the efficiency of the athlete. Where we look and how we move our eyes are linked to where we look. Sensor technology is used to track a person's eyes and gaze. This helps the eye tracker to recognise the exact focal points of our eyes. It also describes our presence, attention and focus (Pramodini, Mukti & Ramesh, 2017). The development of this technology in the 19th century led to the technology of the eye-tracking; its roots dates back to 1879 when for the first time Louis Émile Javal the French ophthalmologist saw that the eyes of the reader don't skim smoothly while reading the text but make small, rapid motions, now known as saccades, mixed with brief pauses called fixations. These experiments have been focused on naked-eye observations. Edund Huey designed the first eye tracking system in 1908, and his investigations flourished a lot later in the 1970s and 1980s. For sport, in the 1970's, the first eye tracking trials took place (Bard & Fleury, 1976). Early eye surveillance systems included electrooculographic systems and a magnetic search coil (set of small balls of wire embedded in the changed eye contact lens into the eyes, usually after an anaesthetic is used, which can then trace the movement of the eye (Discombe et al., 2015). In the early 1900s, the first noninvasive eye monitoring system, which was built on photography and light from the cornea, was developed in eye tracking research (Wade & Tatler, 2005). This system can generally be regarded as a predecessor to modern corneal reflection systems based on film. 95% of all modern visual trackers still use a video pupil and a corneal reflection system (Holmqvist et al., 2011). These systems are considered as the simplest and most convenient devices to use (Duchowski, 2007). Table/dishwashed, head-mounted and remote systems each have their own advantages and disadvantages and are three main types of eye trackers available for corneal reflection. Later on, the growth of eye tracking technology led to the opening of a wide variety of sports- and exercise testing and The mobility and immediate feedback provided by eye-tracking systems contributed to the creation of vision-based training programmes for many psychologist and scientist sports. The Quiet Eye method is one of these training programmes that proved useful. Silent eye refers to the final mounting or tracking look at a certain position or object (Vickers, 2009). Today, in many areas of expertise and contribution to filling the information gap on the visual system, the value of these devices is filled.

Fixation & fixation Sequence

A fixation is the continuous observation to allow visual information to be processed from that location. Usually, a fixation ranges from one to three visual angles for 80–150 ms and helps artists to stabilise an information area in a fovea scene to make the processing more complex. Fixing allows you to concentrate on basic information from the stage of sporting tasks so that decision making or motor control skills can be driven. Based on fixation position and time information, the fixing sequence can be generated. It depends on the location and the time of the respondent. We may create an order where the interviewee first, second, etc. This parameter is used in research because it represents outstanding elements in the show or in a highly attractive setting. AOIs which respondents first look at are visually more prominent and thus more interesting.

Figure 1. Gaze plot of fixation and fixation sequence

Figure 1 show the gaze plot of the fixation, where the circles indicate the fixation in that particular point. Along with fixation, this figure highlights the fixation, where the sequence of the gaze point is indicate in numbers and the size of the circle represent the duration of fixation on the particular point, the bigger circle indicates the longer fixation duration.

Eye Tacking in Sports

When discussing the use of eye tracking in sports, we can only start by asking questions: what does the sport individual see while exercising his skills, what are his feelings, are they very relevant in his mind? Some coaches in these fast-ball sports advise their players to 'keep an eye on the ball.' And can you even "keep your eye on the ball?" Eye tracking technology enables us to examine those questions and examine a topic which sport researchers have been intriguing for decades. The time to perception and act is extremely serious in fast-ball sports such as cricket, basketball, squash, hockey and baseball. For eg, if a cricketer is to bat successfully, the relevant information is to be filtered, the best course of action chosen and the actions carried out exactly within a millisecond time frame. This method also takes place in an atmosphere in which the adversary intentionally seeks to trick the artist and confuse him. The observer can clearly track elite athletic success but the perceptive-cognitive processes that are far less obvious to experts. Most sport occurs in a complex and constantly evolving environment, under intense pressures, where human capacity is constantly being called into question and expanded (Ericsson, 2003). In sports that make the most of the vision, racket sports require high-quality imagery, both externally and internally, for access to speed, motion, anticipation, and perception of depth of performance at an elite level. One of the most requested multidisciplinary and skilful games today is Badminton, which attracts both player and spectator interest. Over the last 20 years, sport has achieved massive renown and fame. In strategies and tactics it has reached its peak, but also in technology. As the game norm has evolved, the top players are facing new and bigger challenges. The latest equipment, technology, tactics and training are therefore highly requested. The big minor results of researchers working with elitist athletes worldwide also lead.

Nature of Badminton

As with other sports, badminton possesses substantial engine skills. The main and nearly common attack skills include forehand shot, drop shot, direct attack shot and lob shot. Shuttle to appropriate positions in the competitive court requires a great deal of exactness. This game is one of the world's fastest shuttles with a speed of up to 426 km/h, and perhaps the most interesting sports. The quick play pace of the game is well known for the constant contact between attack and defence during the match. Therefore, players continue to compete in the game to earn the most points since winning is the ultimate result for players (El-Kholi, 2001; Saber, 2008). At some point Badminton will be an information system. When the eye gives brain knowledge, which describes the information and sends out signals, which transfer the hands, legs and other parts of the body in a split second. This leads to incorrect performance if this message is incorrect, incomplete or entered at an uncomfortable time. Being a fast-paced game, badminton requires high visual precision, especially at the elite level. The order to assess the speed shuttle but also to calculate the trajectory direction, to place the racket accordingly and determine its effect, to check the position of the opposing individual in the most inconvenient location and force the opponents to return to a poor situation or no returns. The very complex part played in almost all sports by vision and hand-eyes coordination is as important as fitness and skill training. "The role of vision is usually undermined, but still plays an immense role," said Calder. She says that even though gaming is generally played during the day, and games at night are played in the bright, lighted stadiums, orientation doesn't have much to do with vision. The importance of good vision and coordination of hands-eyes in sport is important to understand and how this can affect the performance of an individual. "The coordination with the eyes of your finger," says Calder, "is what you see and how accurately and quickly you react." The abilsity of the hand-eye to co-ordinate motion requires input and perception of visual information into the brain. Badminton needs more exposure to his preparation as well as visual skills. Like Clader, it is equally important to relate what a player sees or understands visually to how he works to achieve an outcome. All sports involving a screen, such as badminton, tennis, cricket, soccer, rugby, hockey, etc. and many more involve excellent coordination of hand eyes and hands, to catch, reach and pull the objects. "Keep eyes on the ball" the sentence that many coaches keep on hearing. Nothing will happen before the eyes direct the hands. In most sports, almost 80 percent of the starting signals are visual. Visual precision and expertise are of great importance. Thus the sportsman can clearly see what the thing is and how fast it travels in the air or whether it changes its course through visual processing (Abdul-Qadir, 2001). It is only in bright, high resolution that the tiny area right on the middle you are looking at is noticeable. The remainder of the scene is blurred, with a poor resolution in the peripheral view. We must therefore switch our eyes a lot. The basic movement of the eyes or pupil which is often used to describe its workings is few specific terms given. When the shuttle move the players try to float through their flight in the conception of badminton, but when the shuttle move quickly, the perspective doesn't really skim smoothly. They form a little break and fix their eyes from the entire middle and the periphery. The fixations are named. Studies show that an elite player is able to hold the moving shuttle longer with less fixed points. For example, Savelsbergh and colleagues found in soccer in 2002 that football experts employed a more efficient search technique, while the inexperienced normally had a spread and short fixation. The way we move from attachment to fixation is what we do and our visual search strategy is called. Indeed, in some cases it's not to use a simple central vision but rather to anchor the eyes in

(the net for example when placing it next to the Internet during net play, especially the inexperienced players) and holding it there, just before they start moving or performing their capabilities or making a move. The slightest eye motion in this period is called: Joan Vickers' Quiet Eye period. Sports like ice hockey, bowling, shooting, billards and tennis have also shown this influence. It can be seen as the hunt for a moving target, since object travels faster than we could shake our eyes. You can't do it for the whole flight. In certain situations, therefore, elite players tend to be chasing the ball for a while and then jump quickely to where they predict that it's going to be called a saccade. One of the largest forums to grow and improve science and technology sports in this period. There is a particular need for action at any level of learning. For several decades sports science has therefore acknowledged the big minor problems it has encountered in the long term and began its work on innovations. In order to improve their success through science programmes, development of different training and competition equipment, scientific testing machines etc. Keen Sport Scientists and researchers have made a number of significant contributions to the growth. Awareness and intellectual growth are part of the cognitive sector (Bloom, 1956). This requires the acknowledgment or reminder for the improvement of analytical capacities of relevant facts, techniques and concepts. There are 6 essential categories of cognitive processes, from the simplest to the most complex: information, understanding, application, analysis, synthesis and evaluation, and the development, evaluation, analysis, application, understanding and recollection of (new taxonomy). The eyes show knowledge about the thoughts, emotions and actions of individuals in the windows of the soul, and influence different cognitive functions, e.g. attention concentration, spatial cognition, cognitive load, etc. Complex information is visualised and conveyed by visual interfaces as a means of information presentation for and processing by users by enhanced use of computer systems. People differ however with regard to their search, retrieval, processing, comprehension, organisation and retriew of information, based on their perception, cognitive skills, abilities and styles. The eye motion point and motion could thus expose behavioural patterns linked to individual cognitive variations; patterns derived using eye tracking instruments that measure and provide convincing data on eye motion. Eye motion. Considering the necessity of the perceptual domain in Badminton games, this study seeks to find the major differences between Elite and Inexperienced Badminton players in their visual capabilities. Players that want to rely on a visual device that is continuously successful are certainly beneficial for sport optometers. It is understood that the successful regulation of the visual movements (which is an abilities to carry out further study and to produce new training courses to enhance their performance. The study demonstrates how, why and when the elite and inexperienced players vary visually and what lessons can be learned to break through performance barriers and improve together with the growth of fitness and skills.

CONCLUSION

Badminton is a game well known for its speed, deception and making adjustments to the situation. The players plan to force their adversaries to play a poor return in their in-comfortable region. This game involves many psychological skills, from which to determine. A player needs a pre-decision for each move. From shot collection, to execution, observe various signals, anticipate the adversaries to shots, step accordingly, to find a perfect retrieval of the shot, quickly evaluate the opponent's strengths and weakness, execute good deceptive shots, range, angle, time, too, the best possible retrieval. Face monitoring is one of the interesting areas of human behaviour science. The knowledge gleaned from eye tracking was recently applied in the fields of web design, content writing, conversion optimization, etc. Basically, eye-tracking tests where and how long people look. Eye tracking data would be visually reflected, superimposed on the screen the individuals looked at. You will figure out where someone looked first, second, third and so on with eye tracking. This concept has been established particularly in the area of Badminton sports in India, as very few departments have these devices. The present work is therefore an eye opener and a tool for researching athletes in this equipment for the researcher and others. There are more than ten different kinds of eye tracker apps, and you have to decide which sport will be better. The eye tracker is also high in costs and low in cost. You should strive to do the same based on the job that you are able to do.

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Corresponding Author Dr. Meenakshi Tripathi* Assistant Professor, Krishna Devi Girls Degree College, Lucknow