Comparative Analysis of Use of Doping Drugs among Team and Individual Players at Asian Games from 1968 To 2018

But in the present competitive world it has little to do with the reality of the modern sports. The Athletes are rewarded for winning at every level of competition. The second place holder is viewed as the "first loser". A coach's job security is directly related to his team's success. It is not surprising that athletes and coaches are sacrificing and tacking great risk in order to obtain a competitive edge and enhance performance at all costs. The performance enhancement in Olympic and professional sport has now become a medical, ethical, and legal problem for modern athletes and athletic organizations. This is primarily due to the amount of money associated with winning of medals at various levels. Multimillion dollar contracts, appearance fees, international endorsement and sports merchandising represent a billion dollar industry. When Sports Illustrated interviewed a cohort of elite Olympic athletes, one of the questions was: "If you were given a performance enhancing substance and you would not be caught and win, would you take it?” 98% of the athletes responded "Yes". The more chilling question was: "If you were given a performance enhancing substance and you would not be caught, win all competitions for 5 years, then die, would you take it?” More than 50% said "Yes".

To find out prevalence of use of abuse drugs by sportsmen participating at Asian Games in individual sports. To find out prevalence of use of abuse drugs by sportsmen participating at Asian Games in team sports. To find out significant differences in the use of drugs at Asian Games between athletes participating in team and individual sports.

The present study was designed to collect data on the cases of those athletes who have been found guilty of using abused drugs by the WADA and international Olympic committee at the Asian Games. The basic sources of data pertaining to players who have being declared positive in doping test by IOC Medical Committee and WADA at Asian Games and Olympics Games was collected from various references available at Wikipedia.

The doping cases reported in the Asian games were further categorized into two categories i.e. doping cases reported for sportsmen participating in team games and doping cases reported for sportsmen participating in individual games for Asian Games. The data obtained regarding doping cases in Asian Games was further categorized on the basis of nations whose athletes were found guilty of using drugs. The researcher had compiled doping cases for all the Asian Games on the basis of sports in which the sportsmen were found guilty in using abused drugs. In order to find out the magnitude of use of abused drugs from 1974 to 2018, the researcher compiled the data on year basis.

The descriptive statistics was used to understand the magnitude of trend of doping cases in Team Sports and Individual Sports at Asian Games. For testing the hypotheses of the study “t” test of significance of mean difference between Teams Sports and Individual Sports was used. The level of significance was set at .05 level.

The Cumulative percentage analysis of doping cases in individual sports and team sports in different Asian Games from 1974 to 2018 is presented in Table no. 1.

The critical analysis of the data presented in Table no.01, clearly shows that there was 87.80% drugs abuse found among Individuals sports and 12.19% doping case in Team sports for all the Asian Games held till 2018. It is also clear from the above table that maximum doping cases i.e. 26.82% were found in the year 1994 followed by 21.95% in the year 2006. The third highest cases of doping i.e. 14.63% were reported in the year 2010 and 2014 respectively. The Graphical representation of data is presented in figure 1 (A&B).

The Cumulative percentage analysis of doping cases in different Sports in Asian Games from 1974 to 2018 is presented in Table no. 2

It is evident from the above table that highest percentage i.e. 21.95% cases of doping have been found among weightlifters followed by Swimmers i.e. 19.51% in Asian games till 2018. The third highest percentage i.e. 14.63% cases of doping have been found in athletics followed by Best Physique i.e. 12.19%. The 5th ranking of doping cases has been found among canoeing and karate i.e. 4.87% respectively. The other games like Volleyball, Cycling, Boxing, Judo, Wrestling, Football, Soft Tennis and Wushu were found to have 2.43% doping cases and have been ranked 6th on the basis of percentage. The graphical representation is presented in figure no.2.

involved in doping cases in Asian Games. The Nation wise percentage analysis of doping cases in Asian Games from 1974 to 2018 is presented in Table no. 3.

It is clear from the analysis of data that highest numbers of doping case i.e. 26.82%have been reported for sportsmen of china. The second highest cases of doping i.e. 9.75% were reported for sportsmen of Uzbekistan in Asian games from 1974 to 2018. The South Korea and UAE have been found to be on 3rd rank with a percentage of 7.31% in the use of abuse drugs respectively. The 4th rankings have been bracketed for drug abuse by India, Myanmar and Iraq with 4.87% respectively. It is also clear from the above table that remaining other countries have been found guilty of using abused drugs to percentage of 2.43% only and which includes North Korea, Jordon, North Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Palestine, Bahrain, Qatar, Iran, Tajikistan, Syria, Cambodia, Malaysia, Japan, Mongolia and Turkmenistan. The graphical representation of data is presented in figure no.3.

The significance of Mean difference in doping cases in Individual and team sports at Asian Games is presented in the table no 04.

*Significant at .05 level of confidence. Tabulated T value at .05= 2.02 It is clear from the above table that there is a significant mean difference in drug abuse between individual and team sports at Asian games as the obtained t value of 3.49 is significantly greater that the tabulated value of 2.02 at .05 level of significance with 39 degrees of freedom.

The findings of the research study have clearly reveals that the prevalence of abused drugs is comparatively at higher rate in individual sports in comparison to team sports at Asian Games. It is also evident from the results that maximum cases of number of athletes participating in individual sports from different countries at Asian Games are more in number, the credit of getting a medal, job, prize money and endorsement are direct to the credit of individual athlete which is not the case in team sports and this might be the reason and cause that there are greater number of drug abuse in individual sports than team sports at the Asian Games. The results also have revealed that maximum numbers of drug abusers in sports are from China, Uzbekistan and South Korea in Asian Games. This may be attributed to the fact that the highest number of medals in Asian Games are won by these countries in these respective world level competitions. It is due to this fact that these countries want to maintain their prestige, status, ranking and merit in medal tally by using unfair means in sports. The result of the study has further revealed that the percentage of abused drugs is gradually becoming less and less in recent Asian Games. This may be attributed to the fact that WADA has started monitoring its laid down rules in collaboration with the National Anti-Doping Agencies in each nation and there are more sophisticated lab being established in each country. It may also be due to the regulation of WADA in which each national level athlete is required to undergo dope test at least twice in year regularly and also before the major International competitions.

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Research Scholar, SOSPESS, Jiwaji University, Gwalior