Pattern and Availability of Basic Amenities in Class-I Cities of Haryana: A Geographical Analysis

INTRODUCTION

Today India has a large proportion of people residing in urban areas. It is one of the most fast-growing urbanizing countries in the world. It is experiencing an increase in the share of urban population as most urban areas have developed as administrative or service towns. The urbanisation in Haryana as districts to the urbanisation show that there is a large proportion of population residing in urban centre. Infrastructure development is of paramount importance for achieving sustainable and equitable economic growth through providing access to basic amenities to all people. These comprise, transportation and communication facilities, water and power supply, access to basic institutions likes school, colleges, hospital and library among others. Generally, infrastructure can be categories into three types; physical infrastructure which comprise instant of road, water, sanitation, sewerage, electricity and many more services. Second, social infrastructure, which cover health, education, club and library facilities among others and third economic infrastructure, which include banking facilities, credit and insurance facilities among others. India witnessed reasonable high economic growth over the last decade. The economic grew at about 8 per cent per annum during the 10th and 11th plan. At the economy expends, inclusiveness has been a major concern in our planning process. Inclusive development is viewed in terms of economic and social inclusion reflected in poverty reduction, better health outcomes, increased access to basic amenities such as electricity, drinking water, sanitations, LPG, transport, banking facilities etc.

All right-thinking people should welcome the recent judgment delivered in the first week of December, 2000 by the Supreme Court that access to safe and clear drinking is a fundamental right as

Indian cities keep on extending at an unyielding growth regarding both areal development and population growth. The relentless growth is making a tremendous weight on essential foundation. The declining speculation by government in urban advancement ventures amid the ongoing past has made considerably all the more disturbing situation. India in the total terms, those not secured by even any of the fundamental courtesies viz. safe drinking water, sanitation and electricity is still expansive being around 14 million. The absence of complete inclusion isn't just because of fast population growth and financial shortcoming of urban neighborhood bodies or declining speculation yet additionally because of political decision in organizing of these offices and institutional issue in their viable conveyance. It's a given that the lack in essential civilities influences one's personal satisfaction, yet additionally delivers an undesirable society. By a estimate of, 6 lakh children under five bite the dust from the loose bowels alone (water - borne illnesses) consistently and the ailment positions among the best as children executioner in India.

Swachh Bharat Abhiyan started by the legislature on the birthday of Mahatma Gandhi is an honorable activity. Notwithstanding, cleaning boulevards and government workplaces won't get the job done in light of the fact that it is additionally a matter of qualifications and rights for an expansive number of provincial and urban individuals who are denied of the fundamental necessities of life like access to safe water, can and drainage facilities. The arrangement of natives' sanctions and the implementation of administration assurance of essential services are important and ought to be made a necessary piece of the great administration. Likewise, there is a need an arrangement to reuse the rubbish and waste materials. It will help in producing vast number of occupations and furthermore making our cities and towns maintainable. Along these lines, sanitation is additionally an issue of waste administration, keeping the wellsprings of water clean by sewage treatment and recycling of waste water for mechanical and rural use. It requires a coordinated arrangement as well as tremendous venture. As a follow up of the attention to clean India development, the legislature should start an incorporated action plan for each urban focuses and towns in India.

ELECTRICITY

Electricity is the present one of the modem fundamental needs, and is subsequently called as an imperative resource or input for advancement. In such manner one can undoubtedly say that no modem society can exist without electricity. is in lighting the house. As indicated by the NFHS data it is discovered that there were 32 percent of family units in India that were without electricity association in their home units in 2005-06 as far as provincial urban contrasts, 44.3 percent of good and 7 percent of the urban families are without electricity availability in their homes - a very striking hole.

The state of Haryana is located between 270 39’ N to 300 55’ 5” N latitudes and 740 27’ 8” E to 770 36’ 5” E longitudes. It is North-Western state of India adjoin the capital (New Delhi) of India. The total area of states is 44,212 kms, and its population is 2,53,53081. On the basis of this population size, Haryana has been divided in 20 class-I cities in the Census of India, 2011. Along the Eastern margin of state, along with Eastern border, it is bounded by the river Yamuna. Shivalik hills are located in the North-Eastern direction of state. The state is bounded by Punjab in its North-Western border, North-East by Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Union Territory of Delhi in East and Rajasthan in the South. The altitude of Haryana varies between 700 to 3600 feet above sea level.

The paper is based entirely on the secondary sources of data. The main secondary source is the Census of India, H, Series, 2011 and 2001. In the present analysis, five basic amenities of households including with the one modern types of amenities is Electricity have been taken into account of determine in the levels of Class-I Cities of Haryana. These indicators fall into the categories like safe drinking water, latrine facility, sewerage facility, electricity and use of cooking as a fuel in LPG. In this regard simple statistical techniques have applied and using statistical software (SPSS10.0). Data obtained from different sources is processed using suitable statistical techniques for the analysis.

The present paper has been under taken to inspect the spatial patterns of Basic amenities in class-I cities of Haryana in rural, urban and total in the Haryana.

State’s income, is not the only criterion to be considered important in examining basic amenities

the priority being given to investment by the state government in core urban services and their availability across towns of all sizes. However, the poorer states will need continued assistance from the central government to catch up with their economically well-off counterparts (Shaw, 2007).

More than 77.82 per cent of the rural and 85.91 per cent of the urban households don not have access to drinking water facility, through access has improved from 73.55 per cent to 77.82 per cent in rural and from 94.18 per cent to 95.91 per cent in urban areas between 2001 and 2011 Census. From above table it has been observed that Electricity facility available in urban area is 88.47 per cent which is higher than the rural area, Latrine Facility availability in Urban is 89.8 per cent comparatively higher than then rural area. For the majority of households living conditions as well as basic amenities at low levels.

Table,1 shows that the percentage of households with electricity 82.89 per cent was only in Haryana as a whole, and 78.50 and 92.93 in rural and urban areas respectively in 2011. Similarly, LPG/PNG and Drainage facility availability is higher in urban area as Compare to Rural, i.e. 77.61 per cent and 92.24 per cent. From the above table it has been observed that Percentage location of drinking water source in the Census of 2001 it is higher in Urban within the premises, i.e. 93.22 per cent and the least is 32.66 per cent away. In the Census of 2011, the location of drinking water source is higher in Urban within the premises, i.e. 89.80 per cent and the least part is 54.60 per cent away.

From the above table it has been observed that in the Census of 2001 Proportion of Household by Location of Drinking Water Source within the Premises is higher in the Panchkula City i.e. 95.6 per cent, the Thanesar and Palwal is almost similar, i.e. 85 per cent and the least part is in Haryana i.e. 44.49 per cent. In the Census of 2011,

cent, Ambala, 91.70 per cent, Sonipat 91.29 per cent and the least is in Panchkula i.e. 81.68 per cent followed by Kaithal 83.68 per cent, Bahadurgarh 84.70 per cent.

From above table it has been observed that in the Census of 2001 Latrine facility within the house is higher in Urban as compare to rural, i.e. Pit latrine is 26.48 per cent and No Latrine is 19.33 per cent. In the Census of 2011, it is seen that the Pit Latrine Facility is more in Rural as compare to Urban and Water closet facility is more in Urban, i.e. 54.77 per cent and other latrine facility is very least in Rural i.e. 3.70 per cent.

From the above table it has been observed that in the Census of 2001 Availability of Latrine Facility in Gurgaon city is higher, i.e. 94.37 per cent and the least part is in Kaithal city, i.e. 74.03 per cent and the non-availability of Latrine Facility is higher in Haryana i.e. 55.49 per cent and the least part is in Yamunanagar and the facility Availability in the Census of 2011 is higher in Panipat i.e. 96.67 per cent and the least is in Haryana i.e. 54.10 per cent. The Non-Availability of Facility is higher in Haryana, i.e. 45.90 per cent and the least part is in Panipat 3.32 per cent.

Source: Census of India, 2001 and 2011, H-12, Series.

From above table it has been observed that Electricity facility availability in the Census of 2001 is higher in Karnal as compare to other Cities, i.e. 97.86 per cent, followed by Panipat (97.40 per

available in Palwal, Bhiwani & Hisar is almost similar i.e. 95 per cent and non-availability of facility is very much lower in Gurgaon is i.e. 2.03 per cent. Availability of Electricity facility in the Census of 2011 is higher in Yamunanagar i.e. 96.68 per cent and the least part is in Kaithal. Non-Availability of facility is higher in Ambala Sadar i.e. 11.62 per cent and the least non-availability of facility is in Panipat i.e. 2.41per cent.

An attempt may be mark here to summaries the major findings of the paper and propose a few policy recommendations with regard to financing of infrastructure and basic amenities in urban areas. The analysis revels that the levels of inequity in the provision of basic amenities across the class-I cities and size categories of urban centers are extremely high in special of Faridabad, Gurgaon, Panchkula, Ambala and Panipat. The development of basic infrastructure and basic amenities have not been spatially balanced during the last few Census. More specifically, the state government and para-state institutions did not exhibit sensitivity in favour of class-I cities. The state government should take the overall responsibility of ensuring the basic amenities to all sections of population in all classes of urban centers irrespective of their income or affordability.

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Associate Professor, Dept. of Geography, BPS Institute of Higher Learning, BPS Mahila Vishwavidyalaya, Khanpur Kalan, Sonipat, Haryana