An Analytical Review on Water Resources and Their Management: Issues and Challenges

INTRODUCTION

India keeps on battling with developing financial crunch to finish its water sector foundation and its task and maintenance cost. Then again, lacking institutional changes and powerful execution has influenced its execution level. As of late, the Government of India has started a few stages to improve speculation and management of water management sector, which incorporates: Accelerated Irrigation Benefits Program, Hydrology Project, setting up of Water Quality Assessment Authority, Command Area Development and water management program, National Project for Repair, Renovation and Restoration of Water Bodies straightforwardly connected to Agriculture, Flood Management, and River Basin Organizations. Developing interest crosswise over focused sectors, expanding dry spells, declining water quality, especially of groundwater, and unabated flooding, between state river debate, developing financial crunch, deficient institutional changes and implementation are a portion of the essential issues looked by the nation's water sector. Accessibility of safe drinking water is deficient. Extreme water deficiencies have just prompted a developing number of conflicts between clients (agriculture, industry, household), intra-state and between state. Developing challenges incorporate management of existing foundation and of the water asset itself. Water change in India generally centers around authoritative issues as opposed to the instruments that oversee the connection between the controller and the client. Arrangement of waterway irrigation and water supply services in India has to a great extent stayed with the administration organizations. Nonappearance of enforceable water qualifications at all levels is at the foundation of administration deficiencies, water use wastefulness, unregulated groundwater extraction, carelessness of conventional and minimal effort water bodies, financial issues and conflicts which plague the water sector. Looked with poor water supply

beach front zones this pattern has prompted saltiness entrance. Financial crunch has additionally prompted a huge build-up of maintenance and in this manner, deficient execution levels of irrigation ventures. Twisting in evaluating of water services has additionally actuated generous generally monetary expenses by developing the inlet among costs and expenses. A portion of the causal components are: insufficient income age, incessantly under-supported Operation and Maintenance (O&M) costs, incomes not diverted straightforwardly to use, improper prioritization of government consumptions. Feasible development and productive management of water is an inexorably mind boggling test in India. Expanding population, developing urbanization, and quick industrialization joined with the requirement for raising agricultural production creates contending claims for water. Weight on freshwater resources is expanding over the globe. Amid the initial 8 many years of this century, consumption of water expanded fivefold, 75 percent of which was amid the second 50% of the century. From a full scale viewpoint, the generally speaking crisp water accessibility over the globe stays pretty much consistent. Be that as it may, from a miniaturized scale viewpoint, the freshwater supplies in numerous districts and regions are lessening because of changes in hydrologic balances, over-misuse and expanding contamination of freshwater holds. Numerous underdeveloped nations are as of now confronting genuine water deficiencies. Expanding freshwater shortage is turning into a noteworthy imperative in delivering nourishment for developing total populace, biological system assurance, and looking after wellbeing, social and sustenance security and harmony among countries. India isn't a special case to this approaching emergency. The developing population, which is going to contact the billion imprint, the inclination for water serious agriculture and quick urban industrialization are putting tremendous weight on the delicate freshwater resources. Developing water shortage issues present genuine danger to environment management, social maintainability and monetary development. Network oversaw and indigenous arrangement of water management existed in India for a long time, meeting the irrigation, drinking and household water supply needs of the network. The provincial principle was set apart by a noteworthy move from conventional network based water management. The British constructed substantial blasts and channels, however the irrigation frameworks were administered as opposed to oversaw. Additionally, they were unreasonably expansive for the networks to assume any noteworthy job in their management. industry, entertainment, and creature cultivation, delivering power for local, industrial and business use. Because of its different advantages and the issues made by its abundances, deficiencies and quality crumbling, water as an asset requires extraordinary consideration. Be that as it may, a great part of the world's water has minimal potential for human use in light of the fact that 97.5% of all water on earth is saline water. Out of the staying 2.5% freshwater, the greater part of which lies profound and solidified in Antarctica and Greenland, just about 0.26% fish in rivers, lakes and in the soils and shallow aquifers which are promptly usable for humankind. Water is a limited however broadly present asset. It is a decent dissolvable, which makes it very defenseless against contamination. In spite of its wide nearness, water accessibility and request at numerous spots have high degrees of bungle: spatial and transient. Numerous multiple times, it is a test to give water of wanted amount and quality at an ideal spot. This is particularly valid for storm atmospheres where 70– 90% of the yearly downpour falls in just 3– 4 months. This prompts an excess of water and frequently floods in the wet season, and too little water and regularly dry spells in the dry season. Now and again, enough water might be accessible however the quality might be poor to the point that it is of no utilization without treatment. Reasonable water management in India represents various challenges: crossing over the expanding hole among interest and supply, giving enough water to production of sustenance, adjusting the utilizations between contending requests, fulfilling the developing needs of huge urban areas, treatment of wastewater, sharing of water with the neighboring nations and among the co-bowl states, and so on. Every day, an individual beverages 2– 4 liters of water and uses 10– 15 liters for other fundamental needs. Unmistakably, meeting the essential water needs is an administration issue. Universally just about 14% of all water use is for household needs (drinking, cooking, washing, and so forth.). Every day, a commonplace person expends sustenance that requires 2000– 5000 liters of water to create. Consequently, delivering nourishment for an extra 40 crore individuals in India, which might be included next 40 years (the present population is 121 crores), will be a major test and calls for essential innovative and management changes in the manner in which we have been dealing with our regular resources. India gets yearly precipitation of around 4000 km3, including snowfall. Out of this, rainstorm precipitation is of the request of 3000 km3. Precipitation in India is subject to the south-west

affected by southwest storm among June and September aside from in Tamil Nadu, where it is affected by north-east rainstorm amid October and November. India is talented with a river framework involving in excess of 20 noteworthy rivers with a few tributaries. A large number of these rivers are lasting and a portion of these are regular. The rivers like Ganges, Brahmaputra and Indus start from the Himalayas and convey water consistently. The snow and ice dissolve of the Himalayas and the base stream contribute the streams amid the lean season. Lal referenced that over half of water resources of India are situated in different tributaries of these river frameworks. Normal water yield per unit zone of the Himalayan Rivers is practically twofold that of the south peninsular rivers framework, demonstrating the significance of snow and glacier dissolve commitment from the high mountains. Aside from the water accessible in the different rivers of the nation, the groundwater is additionally an essential wellspring of water for drinking, irrigation, industrial utilizations, and so on. It represents about 80% of household water necessity and over 45% of the all out irrigation in the nation. According to the worldwide standards, in the event that per-capita water accessibility is under 1700 m3 for each year, at that point the nation is arranged as water pushed and on the off chance that it is under 1000 m3 for every capita every year, at that point the nation is delegated water rare. In India per capita surface water accessibility in the years 1991 and 2001 were 2309 and 1902 m3 and these are anticipated to decrease to 1401 and 1191 m3 constantly 2025 and 2050 separately. Consequently, there is a requirement for legitimate arranging, development and management of the best resources of the nation, viz. water and land resources for raising the ways of life of the a large number of individuals, especially in the provincial territories.

WATER RESOURCES: AN OVERVIEW

In India, the absolute utilizable water asset is evaluated as 1123 BCM. Keeping an arrangement of around 71 BCM/yr out of 433 BCM of groundwater, 362 BCM/yr of the asset is assessed to be accessible for irrigation. The net draft of groundwater for irrigation is around 150 BCM/yr. The per capita accessibility of water at national level has been decreased from around 5177 cubic meters in 1951 to the assessed level of 1,820 cubic meters in 2001 with variety in water accessibility in various river bowls. Given the anticipated increment in population constantly 2025, the per capita accessibility is probably going to drop to beneath 1,000 cubic meters, which could be marked as a circumstance of 90% of river streams happening in only four months. An absolute stockpiling limit of 212.78 Billion Cum (BCM) has been made in the nation through major and medium ventures. The activities under development will add to an extra 76.26 BCM, while the commitment anticipated from ventures under thought is 107.54 BCM. The absolute accessibility of water in the 76 noteworthy stores was 109.77 BCM toward the finish of the storm of 2005 (GOI, 2006). The irrigation capability of the nation has been evaluated at around 139.9 mha without between bowl sharing of water and 175 mha with between bowl sharing. The Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) has assessed that it is conceivable to build the groundwater accessibility by around 36 BCM, by taking up rainwater collecting and counterfeit revive over a territory of 45 mha through surplus storm spillover. In this manner, the groundwater accessibility may correspondingly increment. The ongoing evaluations (GOI, 2006) on water request are made by a) Standing Sub-Committee of the Ministry of Water Resources (MoWR) and b) the National Commission for Integrated Water Resources Development (NCIWRD); their appraisals are made till the year 2050. The two have activated cautioning ringers on the power of the issue. The evaluations by MoWR shows that, by year 2050, India needs to increment by multiple times more water supplies to enterprises, and multiple times more for vitality production, while its drinking water request will twofold, and irrigation request will raise by 50 percent. To address the water-related issues and in this way dispatch a gigantic mindfulness program everywhere throughout the nation, the Government of India has announced year 2007 as "Water Year"1.

Customarily, India has been an agriculture-based economy. Thus, development of irrigation to increment agricultural production for making the nation self-continued and for destitution lightening has been of urgent significance for the organizers. As needs be, the irrigation sector was alloted an extremely high need in the 5-year plans. Mammoth plans like the Bhakra Nangal, Hirakud, Damodar Valley, Nagarjunasagar, Rajasthan Canal venture, and so forth were taken up to build irrigation potential and augment agricultural production. Long haul arranging needs to represent the development of population. As indicated by National Water Policy1, the production of sustenance grains has expanded from around 50 million tons in the fifties to around 203 million tons in the year 1999– 2000. Various people and offices have evaluated the reasonable population of India constantly 2025 and 2050. As per the appraisals embraced by NCIWRD, constantly 2025, the population is relied upon to be 1333 million in highgrowth situation and

individuals while the low development projections place the number at almost 1346 million. Keeping in view the level of consumption, misfortunes away and transport, seed necessity, and cushion stock, the anticipated nourishment grain and feed interest for 2025 would be 320 million tons (high demand situation) and 308 million tons (low-request situation). The necessity of nourishment grains for the year 2050 would be 494 million tons (extreme interest situation) and 420 million tons (low interest situation). The accessibility of water in India indicates wide spatial and transient varieties.

In perspective on the current status of water resources and expanding requests of water for meeting the necessities of the quickly developing population of the nation just as the issues that are probably going to emerge in future, an all-encompassing, very much arranged long haul methodology is required for practical water resources management in India. The water resources management practices might be founded on expanding the water supply and dealing with the water request under the focused on water accessibility conditions. Information observing, handling, stockpiling, recovery and dispersal establish the essential parts of the water resources management. These information might be used for management as well as for the arranging and plan of the water resources structures. Notwithstanding these, presently days choice emotionally supportive networks are being produced for giving the vital contributions to the leaders for water resources management. Likewise, learning sharing, individuals' investment, mass correspondence and limit building are fundamental for viable water resources management. Water preservation suggests improving the accessibility of water through increase by methods for capacity of water in surface stores, tanks, soil and groundwater zone. It underlines the need to adjust the existence accessibility of water to satisfy the needs. This idea additionally features the requirement for sensible utilization of water. There is an incredible potential for better protection and management of water resources in its different employments. On the interest side, an assortment of financial, authoritative and network based measures can help preserve water. Rainwater gathering is the procedure to catch and store precipitation for its productive use and protection to control its spillover, vanishing and drainage another route through which we can improve freshwater accessibility is by reuse and reuse of water. wastewater, for cooling and putting out fires is an appealing alternative for extensive and complex ventures to diminish their water costs, increment production and abatement the consumption of vitality. This saves better quality waters for consumable employments. As of now, reusing of water isn't drilled on an expansive scale in India and there is extensive degree and impetus to utilize this option. Another methodology, which needs thought, is changes in water estimating structures.

KEY ISSUES

India is right now confronting an overwhelming arrangement of water-related challenges. The following two segments manages key issues pursued by vital choices to address them. 1. Access to and ampleness of safe water: The per capita water accessibility at national level has declined throughout the years. Falling apart water quality, contamination issues and regular water deficiencies are progressively making water inadmissible and deficient for essential human needs. Key test is giving safe and sufficient water to all. In rustic zones weight of bringing water from removed sources falls on ladies but ladies (who are the suppliers and supervisors of water in the family unit) have next to zero voice in 'water resources arranging'. Concerning the urban zones, most huge urban areas are incessantly shy of water. For instance, Chennai has contributed expansive entireties of cash and depends for water from Krishna under the Telegu Ganga Project. In any case, the incomplete supplies that started very late however have likewise halted on account of certain troubles. Bangalore depends for water from the Cauvery IV venture, while Delhi is subject to its neighboring states for more water. Along these lines, guaranteeing access to safe drinking water to all has not been among the accomplishments of our water arranging. In Noida, Ghaziabad, and Delhi, water rights were purchased from Uttar Pradesh (UP) by financing the arranging of channels in. In Chennai water rights were rented from the state's ranchers or tank frameworks. 2. Institutional challenges: By far the most genuine challenges are those of management of the current framework and of the water asset itself. In the course of recent years a few abnormal state commissions have been named to manage water management issues and furthermore

gap between the issue and practice has prompted broad loss of validity of the state mechanical assembly for water development and management. Issue is adjusting between specialist co-ops and clients of all sort. For instance, well-working water frameworks regularly separate the suppliers of services from the general water resources management specialist. Other critical changes at the state levels incorporate the formation of self-ruling companies by Karnataka and Maharashtra for activating open assets just as the activities of Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, and Maharashtra for requesting corporate interests in the water sector. In 1994, Karnataka framed the Krishna Bhagya Jal Nigam Limited (KBJNL) under the Companies Act with the particular motivation behind assembling open assets for building up the Upper Krishna Project. Practically comparable is the situation with the Maharashtra Krishna Valley Development Corporation (MKVDC) skimmed by Maharashtra in 1996. In any case, all these 'self-ruling' associations inferable from their poor financial status rely upon state budgetary help notwithstanding for intrigue installments. Then again, the legislature of Maharashtra is additionally attempting to tap direct venture from the private corporate sector. For example, in 1996, it has welcomed private offers for 52 irrigation tasks worth Rs 150 billion. Along comparable lines, the legislatures of Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, and Madhya Pradesh have likewise attempted to tap the private sector both for the development and modernization of a couple of water ventures. Developing financial crunch in water resources sector, especially in irrigation ventures development, is compelling a few state governments to search for conceivable open private associations. Lately, Maharashtra government has welcomed tenders for Neera-Devagadh irrigation venture in the year 2007, on Build-Own-Operate-Transfer premise, at an expense of Rs.1000 crores. A few private firms have appeared in this endeavor. These private firms, are framing collusion with dribble and sprinkler framework suppliers on one side, and forward and in reverse linkages suppliers on the opposite side. They want to harvest rich profits in the long haul, by upgrading water use proficiency and higher yield profitability (counting business crops), and in this way, boosting ranchers readiness to pay for water to a higher side. A progression of discourses, crosswise over different irrigation undertakings of Andhra Pradesh amid 2005-06, had likewise shown comparable ability from ranchers, irrigation designers and private firms. 3. Administration Provision: The arrangement of formal irrigation and water supply services (particularly poor people) or give low quality services to the individuals who do approach. In actuality, advertise rivalry could effectively be contended to improve proficiency. Nonattendance of clear, enforceable water privileges at all levels is likewise at the foundation of administration weaknesses, for example, water use wastefulness, debasement, financial issues and conflicts which plague the water sector in India at present. Critically, organizations among open and private substances have demonstrated a record for raising undertaking financing and acquiring specialized skill for framework ventures, including water and sanitation. They can quicken arrangements and upgrade tasks and administration. On February seventh in Chennai the Tamil Nadu Chief Minister initiated an open private association that is currently giving water and sewerage services to a huge number of Tirupur region inhabitants. The task was started in the mid-1990s when the Tirupur Exporters Association perceived the need to improve the zone's foundation to stay aggressive in the knitwear business however did not have the resources to back the venture. The arrangement was to set up the New Tirupur Area Development Corporation, Limited, a gathering of private and open elements, which turned into the principal open private association in the water and sanitation sector in South Asia working on a Build-Own-Operate-Transfer (BOOT) premise. With an emphasis on the poor from the beginning, the open private association in Tirupur secured the water and sanitation needs of the whole city population, including near 80,000 ghetto inhabitants. The Tirupur venture is an incredible case of how private sector association in open administration conveyance can significantly improve access to water and sanitation. It likewise shows that PPP can give the vital supplement to government speculations and that the private sector can give critical services to poor people - and at lower costs lower than those paid by alleged recipients of government appropriations. Enrolling the private sector in the water sector brings account, diminishes waste and brings down costs when upheld by compelling administration and straightforwardness. 4. Over-extraction of Groundwater and Quality Problems: Problems identified with groundwater administration incorporate high extraction rates, fluctuating water tables, groundwater contamination, and decreased agricultural production and value issues. Complexities, for example, the presence of a great many wells the nation over, unhindered community to

test to the groundwater administrators. Despite the fact that the CGWB has arranged zones as safe, semi-basic, basic and unsafe dependent on units of groundwater accessibility for its development, there is general absence of vision about the development and energize of groundwater resources. There are no legitimate and financial checks to guarantee that the asset is grown just in safe and semi-basic zones. The over-extraction of groundwater in some beach front territories has prompted the issue of saline water interruption in this manner bringing about quality decay of crisp water aquifers. Some characteristic land forms are additionally in charge of crumbling of groundwater quality (arsenic and iron focus). In this way, arrangement creators face a one of a kind difficulty: how to guarantee and save the advantages to ranchers and the more extensive economy of fast groundwater development; while endeavoring to control its overabundances. A significant part of the issues identified with groundwater management is attributable to vague property rights, which is favorable neither to value nor to supportability. Private landowners in India have supreme responsibility for underneath their property and they can separate any measure of groundwater without respect to the effect on other nearby landowners. Singular rights to groundwater are perceived just in a roundabout way through land rights. Along these lines, under states of unequal land, the act of connecting groundwater with land and the reality of true control by better supplied people just highlights country inequality and water use wastefulness. 5. Developing Financial Crunch: Currently, India's water sector is in serious financial trouble and there is tremendous risk from conceded maintenance. There is lack of generous assets to manage the requirements for the development of water resources foundation, maintenance and management. Assets are required not just for yearly maintenance and recovery of the sector yet additionally to give services to the individuals who don't have them. Twisting in evaluating of water services has additionally initiated considerable in general financial expenses by expanding the inlet among costs and expenses. A portion of the components in charge of this financial emergency are; insufficient income age, incessantly under-supported activity and maintenance (O&M) costs14, incomes not recuperation and absence of direct linkages between both income and consumption are at the base of these issues. 6. Extending Water Conflicts: Allocation of water between clients (agriculture, industry, household supplies, hydro-control, and so on.) and between territories inside river bowls (for example catchment territories versus flood fields) is frequently uncontrolled, and discriminatory. Serious water deficiencies have just prompted a developing number of conflicts the nation over. About 90 percent of India's region is depleted by between state rivers. The absence of clear assignment guidelines and vulnerability about how much water each state has an option to, force high monetary and natural expenses. Such developing water conflicts between various clients, territories and States (between state question on sharing of river water) and disparities in conveyance of the accessible water resources are a portion of the urgent concerns at present looked by the nation's water-sector.

India had a long water management custom. Nonetheless, these started to decay with the entry of the British who presented substantial scale irrigation frameworks and efficiently obliterated the customary town foundations and aggregate activity by the networks to store, use and deal with the water in their region. The water management challenges India is confronting today are extremely incredible. As a matter of first importance, wide holes exist in our comprehension of the physical issues and management arrangements. Management arrangements that are actually and financially achievable and socially and politically feasible are not imminent. Well beyond, the administration approaches and projects are to a great extent tuned to create water resources as opposed to oversee it. The nonavailability of sufficient logical data with respect to accessibility and quality of water, interest for water in various sectors, nature and degree and reasons for water issues become significant obstructions to creating supportable water management strategies. The base of the issue likewise lies in the absence of co-appointment among offices for information accumulation, handling and recovery, and the absence of incorporation of social, financial and natural factors in evaluation of asset condition.

innovation went for advancing in fact doable, monetarily feasible, naturally and environmentally solid and socially worthy arrangements in water management are not happening.

1. Agarwal, A. and Sunita Narain (eds.) (2007). Dying Wisdom: Rise, Fall and Potential of Traditional Water Harvesting Systems in India, 4th Citizen‟s Report. New Delhi: Centre for Science and Environment. 2. Ballabh, V. and Katar Singh (2007). “Competing Demands of Water in Sabarmati Basin: Potential and Future Conflicts,” Paper presented at the ICIPD conference on water, Amsterdam, Netherlands, October 11-17. 3. Ballabh, V., M. Dinesh Kumar and Jayesh Talati (2009). “Food Security and Water Management: Institutional Challenges for Early 21st Century,” Paper presented at the National Symposium on Building and Managing Organisations for Rural Development in the New Millennium, Institute of Rural Management Anand, December 13-14. 4. Bandaragoda, D. J. (2006). Institutional adaptation for integrated water resources management: An effective strategy for managing Asian river basins. Working Paper 107. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute(IWMI). 44p. 5. Biswas, A. K. (2006). “River Water Quality Monitoring in Developing Countries,” in Aly M. Shady (ed.) Management and Development of Major Rivers. Water Resources Management Series-3. Culcutta: Oxford University Press. 6. Government of India (2005). Guidelines on National Project for Repair, Renovation and Restoration of Water Bodies directly linked to Agriculture, Ministry of Water Resources. New Delhi. 7. Government of India (2005). Guiding Principles for Implementation of Restructured Command Area Development and Water Management Program , Ministry of Water Resources. New Delhi. 8. Government of India (2006). “Towards faster and more inclusive growth: An approach to the 11th Five Year Plan (2007-2012)”, Planning Commission, GOI XI Five Year Plan (2007-12), Ministry of Water Resources. 10. Government of India (2006). Report of the Working Group on Water Resources For the XI the Five Year Plan (2007-2012), Ministry of Water Resources. 11. Kittu, N. (2005). “Status of Groundwater Development and its Impact on Groundwater Quality,” in M. Moench (ed.) Groundwater Availability and Pollution, The Growing Debate over Resource Condition in India. Monograph. VIKSAT-Natural Heritage Institute, VIKSAT, Ahmedabad. 12. Moench, M. (2001). Drawing Down the Buffer: Upcoming Groundwater Management Issues in India. Monograph. Pacific Institute for Studies in Environment, Development and Security, Berkeley, California. 13. Raju, T. S. (2005). Emerging Problems, Options and Strategies in the Development and Management of Ground Water Resources,” in M. Moench (ed.) Groundwater Availability and Pollution, The Growing Debate over Resource Condition in India. Monograph. VIKSAT-Natural Heritage Institute, VIKSAT, Ahmedabad.

Assistant Professor/Lecturer, Diet Mattarsham, Hisar, Haryana – India