An Historical Overview of Sericulture Industry in Kashmir as an Employment and Financial Support for Economy

INTRODUCTION

Sericulture accepts an uncommon significance in the province of Jammu and Kashmir. This is the main traditional Univoltine belt in India equipped for delivering silk practically identical to the characteristics of stunning imported crude silk of standard quality in the global markets. Its atmosphere is mild and amiable for raising both Univoltine and Bivoltine silk worms' races. I n perspective on the constrained extension for pollution oriented substantial businesses, sericulture have accepted included significance in the modern arranging of the state. Additionally the activity of this industry does not involve any import of crude material from outside the state at extravagant transport costs. Sericulture is one of the most seasoned occupations in Kashmir. The industry gives low maintenance employment to around 30,000 families by method for silk worms rising, other than giving employment to 5,000 people on regular premise in the open segment. Plus, silk industry produces employment to around 10,000 weavers on the full time premise, in around 2,000 units in the valley in private segment. Subsequently about 2.15 Lakh individuals are locked in on full time or low maintenance in this industry. The silk industry was a state restraining infrastructure till 1988 and farmers were getting no benefit out of the closeout of cases according to floor cost fixed by the administration. A profound idea was given to recover its lost wonder. The industry was demonopolised and responsibility for was exchanged to the farmers with the authorization to sell surplus leaves and acquire cash. This aided from sparing the industry from evaporating. Much consideration was taken by the farmers in preserving the trees which resulted in expanded interest of the plant. Silk worms seed is provided free of expense to the backs and casings are acquired by the administration and private business visionaries. (Source: J&K Sericulture development division) The development of Kashmir Sericulture has anyway not gotten due attention. The well established silk industry if confronting eradication. The yearly production of seed, mulberry leaf, covers and crude silk has been diminishing at an alarming rate amid the most recent couple of years.

NEED AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Indian economy is described by the rural destitution and backwardness and Sericulture is a work serious industry in the entirety of its stages, in particular, development of silkworm sustenance plants, silkworm raising, silk reeling, and other post cover procedures, for example, bending, coloring, weaving, printing and wrapping up. It gives employment to lakhs of people, the greater part of them being little and minor farmers, or small and family industry for the most part in the hand reeling

In the year 2016-17 it is temporarily evaluated that employment age in the nation is raised to 7.56 million people contrasted with 7.25 million people in 2015-16, demonstrating a development of 4.3 %. Sericulture is a Labor escalated industry and it very well may be utilized to diminish the expanding unemployment of the nation by giving vital assets and preparing to the unemployment individuals of the nation.

LITERATURE REVIEW

In their article titled ―Optimum Cropping Pattern for Sericulture-predominant Farms in Southern Dry Zone of Karnataka-A contextual analysis', G. Srinivasa, P.G. Chengappa, Lalith Achoth, Keshava Reddy and G.N. Nagaraja have expressed that, Sericulture is work concentrated and appropriate to little and negligible ranches with surplus work, particularly female work. Plentiful work and a little land-base urge farmers to rehearse sericulture as an auxiliary occupation. While pay from harvest production is regular, sericulture gives an all year pay, which is an important motivating force for little farmers to take up sericulture. The agrarian production is occasional, while utilization is equally spread throughout the years. Under such circumstances, the organizers and policymakers are faced with the test of formulating a reasonable agrarian production policy with which the ideal development of horticultural production can be accomplished. In the present investigation, ideal trimming designs for various classifications of sericulturists have been proposed by choosing Siddlaghatta in Kolar and Kollegal talukas in Mysore as study regions. The essential information have been gathered utilizing the individual meeting technique. The deterministic direct programming system has been utilized to work out the most extreme achievable returns by little, medium and substantial farmers through the ideal allocation of different harvests, sericulture and animals (dairy), utilizing the accessible assets. The model has proposed less yields in the editing example of both the zones. The model has additionally recommended moving of the editing design from subsistence-commanded crops like ragi to business crops like Bivoltine sericulture in the Kolar territory and crossbreed sericulture in the Musore region. The proposed trimming designs have expanded the gross salary in the range of 83.55 to 388.68 percent in the Kolar territory and 2.71 to 10.70 percent in the Kollegal zone. In their article titled "Sericulture as an Employment Generating House hold Industry in West Bengal (A Study on its Current Problems and Prospects)" - A contextual analysis' Chandan Roy, Sanchari Roy Mukherjee, Santanu Ghosh have expressed that, Employment age is one of the significant possibilities consistently for the most part in rural sector. The industry makes libertarian conveyance of pay as it exchanges more prominent offer of its riches from top of the line urban clients to poor craftsman classes. In West Bengal, more than one Lakh families are busy with sericulture exercises where Karnataka is the state with the biggest number of families required with sericulture. In spite of having abnormal state family contribution, West Bengal produces littler amounts of crude silk contrasted with Karnataka just as Andhra Pradesh. This paper investigates the reason of this low production and discovers that low productivity of land is no chance in charge of that. Distinctive Employment Models developed in this paper recommend that 'region of mulberry development', 'co coon-market' and 'power-weaving machines' ground-breaking factors in changing the dimension of employment, while the essential review uncovered variables like 'unitary family unit structure', 'salary' 'long periods of e ducation' and 'quantities of female in the family' as the huge factors in quickening average employment per family. The overflow impact of this employment age is learned toward the end. The examination finds that as a neediness annihilation measure, sericulture neglects to grow in rural West Bengal opposite the other noticeable states. Be that as it may, salary disparity is without a doubt reduced with the training in sericulture. In the Report "Note on the Performance of Indian Si lk Industry and Functioning of Central Silk Board", distributed by Central Silk Board Bangalore in November 2012, it is expressed that Silk has been blended with the life and culture of the Indians. India has a rich and complex history in silk production and its silk exchange goes back to fifteenth century. Sericulture industry gives employment to roughly 7.56 Million people in rural and semi-urban regions in India. Of these, a sizeable number of specialists have a place with the financially more fragile segments of Society, including ladies. India's traditional and culture bound residential market and an astonishing assorted variety of silk pieces of clothing that reflect geographic explicitness has helped the nation to accomplish driving position in silk industry. India has the extraordinary refinement of being the main nation creating all the five known business silks, specifically, Mulberry, Tropical Tasar, Oak Tasar, Eri and Muga, of which Muga with its brilliant yellow sparkle is remarkable and privilege of India. In the report titled "Improvement in Economic Statu s of Sericulture Farmers in Tamil Nadu (An Over View)" - A contextual investigation', Harmandar Singh has expressed that, In India Sericulture is basically a town based industry giving employment to a sizable segment of the populace. India is the

delivering each of the four sorts of silk-Mulberry, Eri, Muga, and Tasar. Anyway mulberry silk contributes over 87% of the nation's silk production. Because of positive climatic conditions, mulberry is developed for the most part in five States of India for example Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal and Jammu and Kashmir and 95% of crude production in Country. In Vocational educational modules (With impact from the Academic Year 2005-2006) Curriculum of Intermediate Vocational Course" - A contextual investigation' Shashank Goel has expressed that, Sericulture implies development of silkworms which finally creates Silk. The word silk sounds extravagance and class. Till today, no other texture can coordinate it in radiance and polish. For whatever length of time that human want for silk pieces of clothing proceeds, the interest for sericulture movement remains. Silk is the ruler of material and the normally delivered creature fiber. Sericulture is an antiquated industry in India going back to something like second century B.C. In its long history sericulture has gone through times of incredible flourishing just as decay. Sericulture includes agribusiness, craftsmanship and industry; silkworm raising is a workmanship in the hands of rural individuals; reeling of the silk from the casings framed by the worms is an industry of various money related investments. Logical sericulture is the gathering place for agribusiness and workmanship, craftsmanship and industry, antiquated culture and human progress, the rich and the poor it mirrors the relationship of these. Silk is a lifestyle in India. More than a huge number of years, it has turned into an indivisible piece of Indian culture and convention. No custom is finished without silk being utilized as a wear in some structure or the other. Silk is the undisputed ruler of materials throughout the hundreds of years. Silk gives truly necessary work in a few creating and work rich nations. In excess of 10 million farmers raise silk in China today. Sericulture is a house industry second to none. It is a standout amongst the most work escalated sectors of the Indian economy consolidating both agribusiness and industry, which accommodates methods for vocation to a vast segment of the populace for example mulberry cultivator, co-usable rearer, silkworm seed maker, rancher cum-rearer, reeler, twister, weaver, hand spinners of silk squander, merchants and so forth. It is the just a single money crop in farming sector that gives returns inside 30 days. This industry gives employment about to three five million individuals in our nation. Sericulture is developed in Karnataka, Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Gujarat, Kerala, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Bihar, Orissa and so forth. In the report titled "A fillip for the silk industry in north-east India - A contextual analysis', Ratna estate conspire. Rural families are given budgetary help, gear and preparing to complete the production procedure, along these lines creating more benefit and employment. In December, Newson Marak, a Garo inborn from Jeera town of Krishnai hinder in Goalpara area of lower Assam delivered around 25,000 casings of Muga (antheraea assama), the state's special brilliant silk. He earned Rs. 25,000 - twofold what he earned in February a year ago. A traditional silkworm producer in one of the state's most extravagant silk case creating pockets, Marak is cheerful that cost per casing has expanded by about 100% this winter. The rising cost is incompletely ascribed to extreme interest for Muga silk in the state with moderately low production, and somewhat to the activity of the Department of Sericulture to fix the deal cost of cases and free the cultivators from the grasp of mediators, who recently snatched a large portion of the benefits from the exchange. Energetic over his expansion in pay, Marak is currently intending to go in for Muga seed production at the same time, as each kilogram of value seed of Muga silkworm will bring him an extra salary of Rs. 6000. He has effectively finished two preparing camps to find out about logical raising of silkworms, composed by the Department. Marak's story is that of an individual silk producer, however others are benefitting through collective endeavors. Another innate silk producer, Dinesh Chandra Rabha produces Muga cases as an individual from a Self Help Group (SHG). The Sunnery Self Help Group of which Rabha is a part delivered 65,000 Muga casings in November 2008.

SILK INDUSTRY IN KASHMIR

Sericulture being one of the traditional businesses in Kashmir is a land sign of our cultural heritage. There is no precise record with respect to how and when precisely this industry began in Kashmir. Anyway there is notice of silk and mulberry tree in Rajtarangni-the most seasoned composed chronicle of Kashmir. The reference in Mahabartha and Ramayina-the two incredible stories build up that sericulture was being rehearsed in Kashmir from times prehistoric. There is proof in ancient Sanskrit writing as, that the first home of silk is Kashmir. The previously mentioned statement unmistakably portray that the presence of the silk industry in Kashmir returns to hundreds of years as well as even a huge number of years. We discover the presence of silk industry in Kashmir in the ancient past by alluding to "SABHA-DARUN of Mahabharata" where a c lear notice is made of a "string spun by worms". A mong the numerous presents offered to "yudhishthra" by a feudato ry

(1540 A.D) wherei n he records that among the different marvels of Kashmir, are the quantity of Mulberry trees developed for their leaves for the production of silk. The developmental history of sericulture in Kashmir returns to Vedic age and amid those occasions silk industry of Kashmir was prospering and developing concern and from that point forward the industry is possessing a synonymous significance of entire world. There has been a controversy with respect to the development of sericulture in Kashmir. Antiquarians and essayists are of various opinions so far as the development of sericulture in Kashmir is concerned. A few essayists are of the opinion that sericulture in Kashmir has developed amid the standard of lord ZAIN-Ul ABDIN (1421-1482 A.D). it is said that silk industry in kashmir has accomplished an incredible significance amid the rule of ZAIN-UL-ABDIN and turned into a developing worry in economy of Kashmir as a result of the way that the King, his retainers and his nobles were having a specific kind of enthusiasm for silk pieces of clothing and garments. The history plainly uncovers that ruler ZAIN-Ul ABDIN had sent numerous people to other silk delivering economies having a specialization in the field of sericulture to increase uncommon preparing in sericulture production and after that brought the silk industry under their watch and control. The imaginative and palatable, however not the best, supervision of these specialists expedited the industry well productive lines and thusly the industry accomplished an extraordinary advancement and flourishing. Since the ruler was the greaves chief of naval operations of silk, he considered the development of silk industry increasingly basic when contrasted with the ventures of the occasions. It is said that the silk industry was on in ancient Kashmir, yet lord ZAIN-Ul ABDIN improved it by presenting better methods and plans. Silk worms were raised and for their nourishment mulberry were developed and its organic product was not eaten by individuals. The positive atmosphere, stable political conditions and the prepared market for silk were the principle factors which drawn in the attention of legislature of lord ZAIN-Ul ABDIN to give an uncommon acknowledgment to the development of silk industry. On the off chance that the rule of ruler ZAIN-Ul ABDIN will be classified "The Golden Age of Sericulture", we may not be right in our creations nion, for it was just the silk industry which was appearing and obvious outcomes in the state of large scale manufacturing, best silk, high deals and impressive benefits. The ruler accommodated a wide range of offices, pleasantries and motivators to work constrain and had ensured of work from misuse. It was just this thoughtful conduct and frame of mind of the ruler ZAIN-Ul ABDIN which made a feeling of having a place, certainty and imagination in the brains of laborers of silk industry and they were roused to put in every single exertion attempt for the advancement and the success in general. Over some stretch of time industry wound up not just independent to meet the necessities of home trade yet was min a situation to send out silk textures and raw silk to the pieces of India. The wellspring of raw material, particularly, development of mulberry was given an upward push to have a guard yield of mulberry trees. The general population was given pay and rewards for the security and conservation of mulberry trees and disciplines were given to the individuals who cut the trees or harmed development pointlessly. Another school of students of history and essayists are of this opinion that sericulture in Kashmir has developed when extraordinary Mughals attacked Kashmir. It is said that "Raja Baghwan Das" went into the concurrence with the leader of Kashmir "Yousuf Shah Chack", were the understanding given in addition to other things that sericulture in Kashmir will be constrained by Mughals from Delhi direct. Mughals had their very own enthusiasm for silk and were extraordinary admirers having incredible aspirations for the progression and development of silk industry in Kashmir. The official records and reports of sericulture development branch of Kashmir unmistakably uncover that Europe was the main mainland with which Kashmir has begun its connection trade. The reports demonstrate that in the year 1855 Kashmir was in a situation to supply 25,000 ozs of silkworm seeds to Europe. By exporting silkworm seeds to Europe the silk industry of Kashmir picked up a significant position on the silk course of Europe. After the Mughal rule the Afghan governors exhibited in contrast to the development of this industry and demonstrated no enthusiasm for the development and safeguarding of mulberry trees. The silk industry got a serious misfortune. Extensive quantities of mulberry trees in Mysoma, Srinagar to clear the field for steed dashing. Their happen the Sikhs who involved Kashmir in 1819, gave extraordinary consideration towards the development of silk industry if Kashmir, because of which the production of silk again expanded. The rhythm of advancement proceeded up to the finish of Sikh principle in 1846 and at that point silk had turned into an important product of trade. The govt. determined pay of one Lakh rupees as obligation from silk trade. The industry turned into the foundation of the economy of individuals of Kashmir.

maharaja set apart £30,000 for the development of silk industry. He got 127 raising houses worked in all pieces of valley. Maharaja kept the activity of the industry under the control and supervision of Babu Nilamber Mukerji, the main judge of Kashmir. He went to considerable lengths to build up the industry in logical lines and reeling apparatuses and machinery was imported from Europe. Further, so as to prompt an ever increasing number of individuals to sericulture activities, numerous offices and motivators were given to individuals to take to sericulture the backs were exempted from 'begar ( constrained work) which was an incredible alleviation to the general population. Around 400 individuals were utilized for the entire time and a huge number of poor laborers determined occupation out of the industry. Numerous new procedures of reeling were additionally presented. Accordingly, because of endeavors of Babu Nilamber Mukerji the nature of raw silk enormously improved and he got an incredible gratefulness from sericulture fares of Europe, who talked profoundly of the nature of the fiber. Be that as it may, the industry got a serious difficulty after 1878. The "Kiram kashes" who had turned into a favored clas s abused their position and therefore individuals viewed the industry with scorn. Meanwhile the industry went under the hold of silk worm sickness known as Pebrine which began in India in 1875 and achieved Kashmir by 1878. The sickness nearly cleared out the industry totally. It was in 1892 that Thomas Wardle Reorganized the industry and expedited it present day line. The industry again thrived and silk was sent out and utilized for superb textures and parachute making. In 1897 the division of sericulture was set up under the directorship of C.W.Walton who had enough involvement. Consequently by 1907 the silk industry of Kashmir created to the degree that it was viewed as one of the biggest worries of its sort in world, giving employment to around 5,000 individuals. Besides Kashmir silk this was at that point famous in Europe increased International notoriety. To keep pace with the development, measures for expansion of the sericulture activities were embraced. Subsequently the raising yield expanded from year to year and achieved the limit of 40407 hills of covers in 1911. The industry hinted at sorrow after 1915. The machinery and the strategies for reeling looked old. In this manner in 1921, govt. deputed Pt.T.C Wazir to Europe to contemplate the condition of down to earth sericulture and from that point make proposals for the development of the industry. On his arrival he presented a report wherein he suggested; Modernizing the current machinery and improvement in different procedures of production. Redesigning the mulberry office with the end goal of presenting a lively policy for the conservation of existing and These proposals got a little attention since it was contradicted by work constrain and intrigued area. The sadness of 30's left its profound scars on the silk industry of Kashmir. This was a time of uneconomic costs, rivalry, dumping and loss of market. Therefore outside business sectors were lost and home markets overwhelmed with Chinese and Japanese products, which were less expensive than the nearby products. In May-June 1932, the all out amount of Chinese silk sold in the mainland was 3,500 parcels out of which 2900(82.86%) bundles were sent out in India alone. In European markets, Kashmir silk met merciless challenge from China and Japan. Kashmir silk couldn't remain in rivalry because of high cost and lower quality as contrast with Japan and China in 1931-32, there was no fare to Europe kept exclusively to India. (source: 'production issues of silk industry in Kashmir' by A.M.Shah) The province of J&K is portrayed by uneven geology and troublesome territory other than regular land lockedness of specific territories extending even as long as seven months per year. The topographical zone of the state is about 13.90 million hectares, out of which about 17.41% that is, 2.42 million hectares have been studied and are under the announcing framework. Ladakh division covering about 70% of the absolute topographical zone, the state has just 0.62% of its zone recorded in the income papers. Significant piece of the surface zone of the state being uneven is unwelcoming for human residence and about portion of it is utilized for ranger service. The province of J&K is a standout amongst the most immature conditions of the nation. It has a retrogressive farming and a small mechanical base. The state is wealthy in regular assets and its work compel is extremely canny and dedicated. In any case, due to under use of regular assets and labor, significant additions have not been accomplished in the fields of monetary development and upliftment of the general population. What is all the more baffling is the way that the state is ending up increasingly more reliant on the imports of both agricultural and modern wares from different conditions of the nation because of the nonappearance of sound and logical financial arranging in the state. The agricultural productivity is incredibly low in light of insufficient supply of water system, high - yielding assortment of seeds and manures to the farmers. Insufficiency of credit offices is likewise one of the reasons for low agricultural productivity. Low agricultural productivity breeds general neediness among the cultivators. A portion of the extremely old's, yet important businesses of the state, for example, silk industry and the woolen and cotton material enterprises are quick declining because of absolute carelessness with respect to state

and has been acquiring colossal yearly loses for the last such a significant number of years. In J&K economy auxiliary change occurred in the post freedom period as a commitment of horticulture towards state household product declined following the extension of different sectors of the economy. In spite of this decay agribusiness keeps on being the overwhelming sector of the economy as a result of the grim performance of the economy with respect to industrialization, which is obvious from the way that the commitment of the assembling sector has pretty much stayed steady over the arrangement time frame both at consistent and current costs. A nearby investigation of the NSDP at consistent costs uncovers that the level of agribusiness to the complete had diminished from 47.40% to 30.88% in the years 1980 – 2005, the mechanical sector has developed from 12.90% to 22.57% for a similar timeframe and furthermore the administrations sector has developed from 39.70% to 46.55%. These figures unmistakably demonstrate that the mechanical and administrations sectors share have developed where as the agribusiness' offer has been diminishing. The equivalent is the situation of NSDP at current costs that is the level of agribusiness' offer has diminished while as modern and administrations sectors share has expanded, however the offer of mechanical sector has expanded at minimal rate.

PRODUCTION

The industrial facility is occupied with assembling of silk textures out of silk yarns which is being provided by the two filatures of JKI at Srinagar and Jammu. There are sure assortments of silk like Chiffon 36", Champion with irrelevant production over most recent 10 years. The production figure of different assortments of silk like Crap, Chinon, Goorgett and so on are likewise not palatable. The table additionally demonstrates that among all assortments just Chinon is delivered in mass as is it curiosity of Kashmir.

of silk textures out of silk yarn provided to it by two filatures of JKI at Srinagar and Jammu. Due to non accessibility of cases in these filatures for the last over six years the production of raw silk has gone down. Along these lines having an immediate and negative effect on the production silk textures of the industrial facility. The production line has been confronting an intense deficiency of raw materials which proceeds till date. Inferior Quality of Raw Material Some time ago Kashmiri silk was viewed as best quality silk of the world. Be that as it may, with time the nature of raw silk which is currently being created in Kashmiri filatures if poor. Subsequently the nature of silk textures created in the production line is additionally poor. So in this way the interest of Kashmir's silk in the market has gone down bringing about the diminished production of silk textures. Dearth of Skilled Labour and Obsolete Machinery The other important purpose behind the declining in production is the deficiency of gifted work and outdated machinery. The machinery has been imported from the European nations at the season of foundation of plant and it proceeds till date. As and when any breakdown in the machinery happens, it become troublesome for the administration to arrange is extra parts. Likewise there is absence of appropriate preparing to the laborers who need important abilities to run the machinery.

CONCLUSIONS

The investigation entitled "Monetary Analysis of Govt. Silk Weaving Factory Rajbagh Srinagar" has uncovered that the well established production line is confronting annihilation. The yearly production has diminished considerably and the manufacturing plant is running under substantial misfortunes. There has been a fall of 69 percent in the production from 2010-2011 to 2015-2016. A comparative declining pattern is appeared by the yearly deals figures of the manufacturing plant. The business volume demonstrates a lessening of 66.27 percent from 2010-2011 to 2051-2016. The working of manufacturing plant exposes an important certainty that the state silk industry has appeared poor performance. The central point in charge of the decay of Kashmir silk Industry as a rule and Govt. Silk Weaving Factory specifically is the intense deficiency and substandard raw materials. Therefore there has been a substantial

has hampered the development of the unit. Further, the average expense per meter of silk texture created is high when contrasted with average selling cost, bringing about substantial misfortunes to the unit.

REFERENCES

1. G. Srinivasa*, P.G. Chengappa, Lalith Achoth, Keshava Reddy and G.N. Nagaraja (2005). ―Optimum Cropping Pattern for Sericulture-dominant Farms in Southern Dry Zone of Karnataka‖ , Agricultural Economics Research Review, vol. 18 January-June, pp. 117-132. 2. Chandan Roy, Sanchari Roy, Roy Mukherjee and Sntanu Ghosh : ―Sericulture as an Employment Generating House hold Industry in West Bengal (A Study on its Current Problems & Prospects)‖. 3. Note on the Performance of Indian silk Industry and Functioning of Central Silk Board. (2012). In annual Report of Central Silk Board Bangalore. India 4. Harmander Singh. I.A.S. (2009). Commissioner of Sericulture, Government of Tamil Nadu, Salem, India (2009). Improvement in Economic Status of Sericulture Farmers. pp. 1-5. 5. Shashank Goel (2005). ―Curriculum of Intermediate V ocational Coursein Sericulture‖. 6. Ratna Bharali Talukdar (2009). ―A fillip for the silk industry in north-east India‖, One World South Asia, India Together, Jan 29, 2009. 7. Indira Boro (2016). Sericulture and Weaving Industry of the Bodos: A Brief Discussion, IMPACT: International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Literature (IMPACT: IJRHAL), Volume 4, Issue 5, May 2016, pp. 41-46. 8. M. L. Dhar (2012). ―Reviving Kashmir Silk Industry‖ , First English Daily of Manipur, MANIPUR MAIL, on Nov 21st, 2012. 9. G. K. Rajesh (2011). ―Indian silk industry at crossroads‖, published October, 2011. 10. Mukeet Akmali (2012). ―Kashmir‘s silk industry dyin g a silent death‖, Greater kashmir posted on Srinagar, Jan 12.

Ph.D. History, OPJS University, Churu, Rajasthan yadavrohini02@gmail.com