An Analysis of Human Development Determinants: A Case Study of Haryana

1. INTRODUCTION

Human Development Index was developed by the Dr. Mahbub-Ul-Haq, a renowned economist from Pakistan in 1990. HDI is a comprehensive tool used by the United Nations for measuring the levels of social and economic developments of the different countries and ranking them as per their performance. Agenda 2030,was proposed by UN in 2015 and it was followed by its 177 member nations. It is aiming at removal of poverty from world by 2030. It has finalized 17 Sustainable Development Goals which include end poverty and hunger, realize the human rights of all, achieve gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls, and ensure the lasting protection of the planet and its natural resources. ―Human development is concerned with what I take to be the basic development idea: namely, advancing the richness of human life, rather than the richness of the economy in which human beings live, which is only a part of it. Human development is a concept within the scope of the study of the human condition, specifically international development, relating to international and economic development‖. (Amartya Sen, Nobel Laureate, 1998) Haryana is a North Indian state, with less than 1.4% (44,212 km2(17,070 sq mi)) of India's land area, ranked 22nd among 29 states in terms of area. It came into emergence as a separate state on 1st of November 1966.

Keeping in view the above, the main aim of this study is to analyze the trend of human

The study is based on secondary data. The secondary data have been collected from various sources like Research papers, Books, Periodicals, Various Government Publications and websites etc. To analyze the collected data various statistical and mathematical tools have been used. The study is conducted in Haryana. The Haryana state is divided into 22 districts. These are Ambala, Kurukshetra, Panchkula, Yamuna Nagar, Faridabad, Palwal, Nuh, Gurugram, Mahendragarh, Rewari, Fatehabad, Jind, Hisar, Sirsa, Jhajjar, Rohtak, Sonipat, Bhiwani, Karnal, Panipat, Kaithal and Charkhi Dadri. The Human Development Indicators are considered Per Capita Income, Health and Education.

Education is the process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits. It is a discipline that is concerned with methods of teaching and learning in schools or school-like environments. It is most powerful driver of development and one of the strongest instruments for reducing poverty and improving health, gender equality, peace, and stability. Table 1 gives the detailed information of literacy rate in India in 2011 and also shows the % change in literacy from 1999-00.

Source: data.gov.in Table 1 indicates the following:

• The total literacy rate of India is 74.04%. For male population literacy rate is 82.14%, while for females its 65.46%.The overall growth rate in literacy rate from 1999-00 to 2011-12 is 8.66%.

• Haryana stands 22nd in total literacy among all the states and union territories with literacy rate 75.55%.

• However, this is above the average literacy rate of the country. Male literacy rate percentage is 84.06%, while for female its 65.94%. The growth rate in literacy rate of Haryana from 1999-00 to 2011-12 is 7.46%.

District wise literacy rate in Haryana for the year 2011-12 is presented in Table 2

Source: http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/haryana.html Table 2 concludes the following:

• In Haryana, total literacy rate is highest in Gurgaon (84.4%),followed by Panchkula and Ambala while its lowest in Mewat (56.1%) followed by Palwal and Sirsa.

• Male literacy rate is highest for Rewari (92.9%) followed by Mahendergarh and Gurgaon, while its lowest for Mewat (73%), followed by Fatehabad and Sirsa.

• For females, the literacy rate is highest in Gurgaon (77.6%), followed by Panchkula and Ambala, while its lowest in Mewat (37.6%), followed by Palwal and Fatehabad.

In the words of WHO (World Health Organisation), Health can be defined as ―a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity." (1948).

• Kerala has highest number of females per thousand males i.e. 1084, followed by Pondicherry with 1037.

• Among states, Haryana occupies the bottom place with sex ratio of 879 while in Union Territories, Daman and Diu is at bottom with 618.

Source: http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/haryana.html Table 4 concludes the following:

• Total number of females per 1000 males in Haryana is 879 which is least among the states in India.

• In Haryana, Mewat has the maximum number of females per 1000 males i.e. 906, followed by Fatehabad.

 While Gurugram and Sonipat have least sex ratio i.e. 853 each, followed by Panipat and Jhajjar together at 861.

(district wise) is figured out in the table 5. We have included total number of Sub Centers, Primary Health Centers, Community Health Centers and Sub District Hospitals.

The table 5 indicates the following:

• The number of Sub Center in Haryana is 2542, of which maximum 42 are in Bhiwani. Panchkula has a minimum of 10 sub centers.

• Total number of PHCs in Haryana is 454. Bhiwani has maximum of 9 PHCs while Panchkula and Faridabad have 2 PHCs each.

• The no. of CHCs in Haryana is 109. Of which maximum 4 are in Bhiwani and Kaithal, Kurukshetra, Mewat, Palwal, Panipat, Rohtak and Sirsa have no CHCs.

• The number of SDHs in Haryana is 20 and all the districts except Karnal have 1 SDH.

measures the average income earned per person in a given area (city, region, country, etc.) in a specified year. It is calculated by dividing the area's totalincome by its total population. Table 6 includes the data regarding Per Capita Income of India (state wise) for the year 2011.

• Goa is at the top with per capita income of Rs. 259444.

• Bihar is at the bottom with per capita income of Rs.21750.

• Haryana stands 4th among states and 7th overall with per capita income of Rs. 106085.

Table 7 can be studied to understand the level of disparity among districts in Haryana in terms of Per Capita Income. It gives an account of Per Capita Income for various districts for 19999-00 and 2011-12, their ranks and the growth rate (%) for the deacade.

Source: Authors calculation based on data from the Statistical Department of Haryana It is observed that

• In Haryana, Gurgaon is at the top with per capita income of Rs. 175825, followed by Panipat at Rs. 109230.

• Mahendergarh is at the bottom with per capita income of Rs. 32864, followed by Bhiwani at Rs. 39807.

• PCI growth rate % is higher for Gurgaon and Faridabad while it is quite low for Fatehabad and Kaithal.

• It is easily seen that Gurgaon, Panipat and Faridabad have shown higher growth rate than those of others.

• While Bhiwani and Mahendragarh are growing at very slow pace.

On the basis of above discussion, it is clear that Haryana is performing well in country. It is among the top 5 GDPs in India, Literacy rate is also quite higher than that of average literacy rate of the country, no matter whether its case of male literacy rate or female literacy rate. In terms of health, Haryana is at the bottom place in sex ratio among 29 states. It is a matter of serious concern and need to be addressed shortly to avoid the bitter outcomes. Although it has massive health infrastructure as compared to other states but still it needs to be further developed. Schemes like ―BetiBachao, BetiPadhao‖, ―Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana‖ have started giving some positive results. More such schemes and programmes can help overcome this situation. In state, a lot of disparities have been seen at district level. Some districts like Gurgaon, Faridabad and Panipat are at far better place as compared with the other districts. There is a need to give equitable treatment, instead of equal treatment. The growing pace is quite well and the need is to maintain it to ascertain the top position in NITI Aayog SDGs Index as well as in Human Development Ranking.

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5. World Bank online at http://www.worldbank.org/en/region/sar (accessed on 10th December 2015). 6. World Bank online available at http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2018/04/13/south-asia-cheap-oil-reform-energy-pricing (accessed on 20th December 2018)

8. UNDP report 2018. online available at http://www.in.undp.org/content/india/ en/home/ sustainable-development/successstories/india-ranks-130-on-2018-human-development-index.html

M. Com, NET