Impact of Policies and Programmes of Indian National Congress on the Politics of Jammu and Kashmir

INTRODUCTION

The investigation of the Kashmir legislative issues can't be finished without examining the role of Indian national Congress in the governmental issues of the state. The gathering which was established by Allan Octavian Hume in December 25, 18851 had an extraordinary significance in molding the legislative issues of the Indian sub-landmass and that of the province of Jammu and Kashmir. It was under this association that the Indian National opportunity Movement was completed against the British colonialism.3 Its first session was hung on December 25, 1885 at Bombay. Womesh Chander Banerjee was chosen its first president. The primary session of Congress was gone to by 72 delegates speaking to various pieces of India.4 However, its activity remained mostly restricted to the zones that were legitimately under the British control known as the British India. It thought of it as politically inexpedient to get into the royal states till the start of the State People's Conference in1927.The Indian National Congress was not set up to surrender its official policy of non-impedance in the inside undertakings of the local states in light of the fact that the states were free elements under the British law. It felt that its obstruction could harm the reasons for the states. Under this policy, Congress had suspended the people groups of the states to arrange and set up the congress units in the states, however they were allowed to turn into the individuals from the Congress and its committees.5 However the Congress started to change its policy in 1935 after the introduction of All India States People's Conference in 1927. In its yearly session at Calcutta in 1935 Congress declared to stretch out full help to the royal states lastly in the Haripora session of February 1938 . Congress erased the policy of non-impedance from its program and chose to help the states individuals' Liberation developments which had been continuing for the fulfillment of their authentic targets and goals. The gathering along these lines helped the political powers and gatherings working inside the Princely states working for plans of socio-political liberation in their particular states. This is the way congress begun engaging in Jammu and Kashmir also. The state was under the imperious guideline of Dogra

behind the financial backwardness of the Muslim masses were because of the very character of the express, its organization of the jagirdari framework, the arrangement of income, overwhelming tax assessment and degenerate organization. The Jammu and Kashmir was a primitive state with certain varieties. The primitive character of the state was obvious in the case of its ruler that all terrains in Kashmir had a place with him.7 The Maharaja was in this manner the greatest jagirdar at the peak of chain of Jagirdars subordinate to him.

The historical backdrop of the Indian National Congress in the province of Jammu and Kashmir returns to thirties of the twentieth century when the party "started to figure straightforwardly in Kashmir governmental issues in 1935. The State People's Conference, a solid wing of the Indian National Congress, was instrumental in molding the future course of the state legislative issues in Kashmir. It has, indeed, convinced a significant wing of the Muslim Conference under the authority of Sheik Mohammad Abdullah to change over the Mushm Conference into a mainstream organization so that the other non-Muslims could join the opportunity battle in the state and could battle side by side with their Muslim brethren against the standard of tyranny and absolutism. This longing of the Indian National Congress was converted into reality in June 1939 when the name of Muslim Conference was changed into National Conference.

All Jammu and Kashmir Patriotic Peoples Front is a professional Indian paramilitary camarilla whose sole target is to counter the revolt tasks of the aggressors. The Islamic guerrilla gathering, the Muslim Mujahedin had halted their psychological oppressor tasks and had accordingly held hands with the state government in the year 1995. Glancing back at the historical backdrop of the Muslim Mujahedin, it is obvious that they were a group of the Hizb-ul-Mujahedin who sorted out themselves into the Patriotic Peoples Front to challenge the races. The Patriotic People's Front assumed a key job during the 1997 races. They effectively buttressed the

It was uniquely in 1925after the start of the Maharaja Hari Singh's standard that just because the individuals of the Kashmir Province requested their offer in Government and other managerial administrations. It was inside this setting the well-known development began to pick up the energy. In such manner a few segments of the individuals started to organize this action. The Muslims of the Kashmir just because framed a Reading Room party in Fatah Kadar in 1930. So as to assemble themselves and later with the help of the strict pioneers and Imams they had the option to direct political gatherings in the different mosques of the Kashmir. From the principal day the Reading Room Party required into the politicization of the still, small voice of Kashmiri individuals. The developing disappointment of the Kashmiri individuals blasted into blazes on thirteenth July 1931, when the crowds of Muslims conflicted with the Dogra troops in the premises of Srinagar focal prison, where preliminary procedures against Abdul Qadeer 18 was being led who was captured on the charges of having conveyed rebellious addresses in Srinagar. The state troops opened fire because of which twenty one demonstrators were murdered. For the vast majority of the Kashmiri individuals, thirteenth July demonstrated the apex of penances, commitment for the annulment of Dogra Shahi and opportunity of their homeland. It was driven by Sheik Mohammad Abdullah, Mirwaiz Moulvi The Maharaja reacted to 1931 revolt with quick settle announced crisis and captured Sheik Mohammad Abdullah for a considerable length of time together. The main unsuccessful endeavor anyway demonstrated profoundly critical. It was without precedent for the hundreds of years that the Kashmiri individuals reacted to the leadership of one who tried to lose the old burden of oppression.20 The new instructed first class immovably persuaded the requirement for a Formal political association which couldn't just well-spoken and super-head the development yet in addition total the requests of Muslims, channelize their complaints and inevitably look for redressal from the officialdom. It was on March 12, 1932, the Maharaja on suggestion of the Glancy commission reported the award of rights to opportunity of press and Platform to the individuals of the state.21 The prohibition on the development of Political affiliation was likewise being lifted.22 The Muslim heads so as to merge the mass base of the development built up an association and a stage for the sake of the All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference in 1932.23 The principal yearly session of the All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference was held at Srinagar from 15-17 October 1932.24 Thus the Muslim meeting turned into the main political discussion which drew a mind-boggling backing of the whole Muslim people group in the state. The fundamental objectives of the Conference were as: i. Organization of the Muslims of Jammu and Kashmir. ii. Maintenance and strengthening of the unity of the Muslims. iii. Protecting the political rights of the Muslims of the Jammu and Kashmir. iv. Struggle for the moral, educational, cultural and economic reformation and progress of the Muslims of Jammu and Kashmir. It was with the start of the opportunity development in Jammu and Kashmir the leadership in Congress party especially Nehru and Gandhi began creating enthusiasm for the regions of the state especially in connection to its opportunity development. This role and impact turned out to be progressively articulated through the vicinity that Nehru as a significant figure in Indian National Congress created with the Kashmir opportunity development especially its pioneer Sheik Mohammad Abdullah. Through the impact of Nehru, the opportunity development in Kashmir began increasing more prominent ideological nearness with that of Indian National Congress.25 This step by step provoked Muslim Conference leadership to change the terminology of Muslim Conference into the National Conference in 1938.26 This had expansive effect on the governmental issues in Kashmir

1947.

Therefore the more prominent nearness of leadership of Indian National Congress with the neighborhood leadership on issues in belief system and legislative issues enabled Congress to assume very significant role in the governmental issues of Jammu and Kashmir. This vicinity went to be huge when an irregular circumstance was made in Kashmir because of innate attack of the state and the resultant promotion of Maharaja Hari Singh with Indian dominion.27 It is a direct result of this nearness that the increase was embraced by the well-known leadership especially Sheik Mohammad Abdullah.28 This was especially required on the grounds that the congress position on the issue of promotion of the august states was that the decision of the individuals of royal states must be central on issues of promotion with either India or Pakistan.

After the promotion Congress as the administration in control in Delhi assumed cardinal role in arranging the association with the state and in working out an exceptional arrangement in the constitution of India that in a way conceded uncommon situation to the state under the article 370 in discussion with the recently introduced well known leadership in the legislature of Jammu and Kashmir.29 The Congress being the main prevailing gathering in Delhi had critical role in managing various powers enacted for and against the extraordinary position allowed to the state.

While the issue was talked about at the international level the occasions moved quickly in Jammu and Kashmir and pivotal changes occurred. With the promotion of the Jammu and Kashmir State to Indian association Sheik Abdullah was first designated by the Maharaja as the leader of the Emergency Administration on October 29, 1947. On March 4, 1948, he was delegated first Prime Minister with a Cabinet of Ministers. He came to secure for all intents and purposes all the official forces of the administration. The chamber of Ministers was to work on the „principle of Joint Responsibility‟. It was urged to gather a „National Assembly dependent on grown-up Suffrage‟ to outline a constitution. The get together was to present the constitution through the Council of Ministers for acceptance.126 The National Conference

The middle and the State government‟s beginning reaction to Kashmiri militancy changed from absolute defenselessness and perplexity to sheer dormancy and at fault carelessness. Rajiv Gandhi was excessively involved in the Bofors debasement accusations to focus on Kashmir. Farooq had supported the tradeoff of Kashmir‟s political self-rule on the single board of focal guide worth Rs 2,000 crore for monetary improvement. When nothing emerged the loss was not just Farooq‟s government, it was a genuine hit to Kashmir‟s confidence in the Indian state.

Jammu and Kashmir from the time of independence had witnessed several phases of political turmoil and uncertainty. For the last more than one decade the violence had thrown the political, social and economic fabric of the state into sticky situation. When the whole of India was going through an economic development the state of Jammu and Kashmir was lagging far behind in the development index. When Ghulam Nabi Azad took the reins of the state in November 2005, the greatest challenge for gave a new vision of Khushaal Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh making development the new buzz word of government.17 This policy statement revealed that Azad government will focus more on developmental issues rather than the issue of conflict resolution. Ghulam Nabi Azad became the Chief Minister of the state at a time when the state was rocked by a devastating earth quake in October 2005 causing widespread damage and destruction of life and property in some areas of the state. The call of humanity warranted immediate relief and rescue operations and as the winter was fast approaching saving precious lives from perishing due to cold was an immediate concern.

1. To consider the role of Congress in restriction from 1975-1986. 2. To analyze the role of INC in balancing out the alliance government in the state legislative issues from 2002-2008.

Although no far reaching work has been done on the theme "Congress Party and its role in Jammu and Kashmir, yet there are a few books where the role of congress has been alluded and examined by implication such sources are insufficient of general nature. In this setting the present examination is a spearheading and substantiating expansion to the writing on the role of Congress Party in Jammu and Kashmir Politics. Here is a record of such compositions and the references that make regarding the matter of the present study. The Book, "Aatsh-e-Chinar" (2017)- the personal history of Sheik Mohammad Abdullah gives nitty gritty clarification about his initial youth, his training, his marriage, his ascent as a pioneer of Jammu and Kashmir, the ascent of opportunity development of Jammu and Kashmir, Glancy commission, the ascent of Muslim Conference, the help gave by the Congress party not just in secularizing its base by tossing it open to different networks yet additionally its impact in propelling the quit-Kashmir development and the genuine help of Nehru for the equivalent. Light has likewise been tossed on the Policy of Jinnah and Muslim League towards Kashmir. The book further talks about the congress' role in increase of the express, the fuse of Article 370 in Indian constitution, ensuing disintegration of the equivalent, Kashmir issue in The book, "My life and Times" (2015) the life account of Syed Mir Qasim delineates the subject of promotion, the attack, unique status of Jammu and Kashmir, the toppling and capture of Sheik Abdullah, Nehru's compromise with Sheik after he understands his slip-up, the fall of Bakshi and so forth. The book further examines the Congress approaches viz-a-viz the state during the Indira Gandhi's standard till 1971 after the breaking down of Pakistan and ensuing converses with Sheik Abdullah and resultant of Indira-Abdullah Accord and reinstallation of Sheik in Jammu and Kashmir. The Autobiography of Dr. Karan Singh "Beneficiary Apparant"(2016 )portrays the significant role of congress leadership particularly Jawaharlal Nehru, Mahatma Gandhi and Sardar Patel during game changing year of 1947 and the promotion of the state with the Indian association. It additionally gives point by point inclusion to the policy of the congress in post autonomy period particularly the portion of the disliked government in the state absolutely reliant on the focal assistance. The book additionally portrays the role of Karan Singh in 1965 for officially propelling the congress party in the state. Further it talks about the post Kashmir Accord circumstance of the state. Karan Singh was sure and willing instrument to do the activity against the Sheik Abdullah in 1953 as he brings in his book that he saw himself an Indian first and Kashmiri second. "Sardar Patel's correspondence", (2016) by Durga Das talks about the beginning of the Kashmir question. The correspondence illuminates the endeavors of Congress leadership during the parcel time frame and their endeavors to convince the Maharaja of the state to agree with Indian association. It additionally portrays that Jawaharlal Nehru and Sardar Patel upholding the arrival of Sheik Abdullah and different pioneers to oppose the penetration of Pakistan. Further the correspondence between Jawaharlal Nehru, Lord Mountbatten, Maharaja Hari Singh, Mehr Chand Mahajan and Sardar patel during the segment days has been talked about in this. "My Dismissal" (2017) the Autobiograpy of Farooq Abdullah features how the intrigue was incubated by the Indira Gandhi in 1984 to reject his well-known system. The book gives the point by point talk on how the Governor B. K. Nehru who was hesitant to unseat Farooq Abdullah was moved and supplanted by increasingly consistent individual to be specific Jagmohan. He further examines the 1983 decisions, the thorough mutual crusade by the Congress party in the Jammu Division lastly the encounter and the subjective expulsion of his system.

we have seen that the Indian National Congress after its arrangement at first was hesitant in getting into the legislative issues of the royal states. Anyway the center of 1930‟s. It empowered, propelled and incited the individuals of the states to compose themselves to direct their battle for opportunity under the protectorate of All India National Congress hence made an un-swearing certainty among the state‟s people groups in the congress. In such manner Jammu and Kashmir was no exemption to it. The year 1931 saw the start of a sorted out opportunity battle started by the Muslims of Kashmir against the standard of despotism under which they had been languishing untold tragedies over eight decades. They framed an association specifically All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference in October 1932 under the leadership of Sheik Mohammad Abdullah Sheik Abdullah on account of the mainstream viewpoint of the Indian National Congress came nearer to Jawaharlal Nehru and other gathering leadership. It was a direct result of this secularist standpoint that Sheik later on changed the name of the gathering from All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference into All Jammu and Kashmir National Conference in June 1938 and henceforth the gathering was opened to the individuals of different networks too. In this way it was obvious from the earliest starting point that the focal government headed by Congress was attempting to have Kashmir powerless to resist them. As we have seen that during the liberation development Congress gathering had the option to impact the method of Kashmir legislative issues since 30‟s onwards which finished into secularization of the development. Then again, the resulting happenings in Indian sub-mainland were its division based on shared lines into two nations India and Pakistan. The Jammu and Kashmir developed as a bone of conflict between the two hostile countries. The hesitation of maharaja of Kashmir prepared for the introduction of a disaster.

1. Naya Kashmir Manifesto: Socio-Economic and Political program of the All Jammu and Kashmir National Conference, 2012, New Kashmir (Kashmir Bureau of Information, New Delhi). 2. All India States Peoples Conference Papers File No. 42, 967/51, Nehru Memorial Museum 2016. 3. Dixon Plam, September 2016. 4. Speeches of Sheikh Abdullah on 23rd June, 1972 5. All J&K National Conference, welcome Address delivered in the Annual session

6. Speeches of Mount Batten (London, Nicholas Press, 1949). 7. Statement of Sheikh Abdullah on Delhi Agreement in Constituent Assembly, 11 August 1953. 8. Opening Address by Sheikh Abdullah to Jammu and Kashmir Constituent Assembly, on November 5, 1951. 9. B. K. Nehru papers,() F. No.17, 141, Nehru memorial Museum and library, new Delhi. 10. Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah, Aatash-e-chinar, (Gulshan Publishers, Srinagar, 2011) 11. Karan Singh, Sadar-i-Riyasat, (Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 1985) Mehar Chand Mahajan, Looking Back, (Asia publishing house, 2012) 12. Jagmohan Malhotra, My frozen Turbulance in Kashmir, (Allied publishers, New Delhi) 13. Syed Mir Qasim (2012) Meri Dastaan-i-Hayat. 14. Farooq Abdullah, My Dismissal, (Vikas Publishers, New Delhi, 2015). 15. Hari, Jai Singh Kashmir A Tale of Shame, VBS Publisher New. Delhi, 2017.

Research Associate, Centre for Diaspora Studies, Punjabi University, Patiala