Transgenes is Approaches for Crop Improvement

India had a slight decrease (7%) in biotech cotton planting brought by a small reduction in the total cotton area (8%) in the 10 states of India. Adoption however increased from 95% to 96% indicative of acceptance by as much as 7.2 million farmers benefiting from the technology. Biosafety regulations in the country have been streamlined with revised guidelines on the monitoring of confined field trials of biotech crops. Biotech mustard expressing the barnase-barstar gene is under final review including public comments for environmental release in 2017. Mustard production and yields have remained stagnant for the past 20 years and the future introduction of the biotech mustard can potentially increase yield by as much as 25%, revive the mustard industry and be competitive with canola. Insect resistant chickpea and pigeon pea were approved for field trials by the government regulatory agency in 2016. India retained the title as the number one cotton-producing country in the world with cotton production surpassing 35 million bales despite the slowed down global cotton market.(25)

FUTURE PERSPECTIVE:

The advent of genetic engineering modifies the plant to produce reasonable amounts of the products rich in nutrition and safe to humankind and envionment. Transgenic plants have been generated for their enhanced tolerance to herbicides and pests. Some others have been developed for providing nutritionally rich food and biofuel production. crop. It is rich in provitamin A (β-carotene) and iron. Many parts of the world experience insufficient levels of essential vitamins and minerals such as vitamin A and iron. Golden rice is the promising crop to overcome this problem. Golden rice is being tested these days in India, Vietnam and the Philippines for its ability to effectively produce high levels of vitamin A and iron. High protein potatoes have also been developed in India by transferring a gene from an amaranth plant. Despite the controversies by many countries on transgenic crops agricultural biotechnology has yielded substantial economic benefits. According to a projection by Brookes and Barfoot (2011) the generation of GM crops has allowed to use 393 million kg less pesticides by the growers. This effect has a significant role in reducing greenhouse gas emission which in 2009 was equivalent to removing 7.8 million cars from the roads. Due to the present growing trend of transgenic crops, it is assumed that available transgenic crops in the future could boost crop yield, and the food produced from such crops will be nutritionally rich. Valuable proteins are expressed in transgenic plants that can be extracted and processed, which have many advantages over industrial proteins. Though plant-based vaccines have shown promising results, the oral tolerance to plant vaccines is a very important problem that needs in depth research. The genetic engineered plants being used need strict safety evaluation. The plant biotechnologists should keep in mind that the transformants that they are going to develop should be safe enough. Apart from the success stories in many cases, many concerns are yet to be mitigated before plant based vaccines become a real boom. The world most dangerous diseases like HIV and malaria are very complex diseases. Plant-based vaccines have been found to be very promising in controlling these diseases effectively, but since all these studies have been carried out to a limited scale, so for their effective widespread use, up-scaling of these studies is essential. Furthermore, although a number of vaccines for many diseases are provided by the WHO, there are certain diseases for which the vaccines have to be purchased locally. For example, hepatitis-B/DTP combination vaccines are to be purchased from the local market and the cost of the vaccines is too high. Resultantly, thousands of children are deprived of vaccination and hence at the risk of this preventable disease. To eradicate this problem transgenic plants may provide an excellent expression system and the vaccines can be fed directly to people in the form of edible vegetables, fruits etc. Plants like banana, tomato, potato, spinach, tobacco, rice, corn, etc. are being used to fight diseases like cholera, effective. Undoubtedly, there is a consistent increase in the use of genetically modified organisms for food or other essential commodities. The promoters of GM foods claim that they are environment-friendly, have no risk to human health, profitable for farmers as well as well regulated, many people are still of the firm view that GM foods can be injurious to human and animal health, because they have not been properly tested. Thus, every country needs to frame well defined rules and regulations for the utilization of GM organisms, although many developed and some developing countries have already formulated specific regulations.

The classical methods of alien gene transfer by traditional breeding yielded fruitful results. However, modern varieties demand a growing number of combined traits, for which pre-breeding methods with wild species are often needed. Introgression and translocation breeding require time-consuming backcrosses and simultaneous selection steps to overcome linkage drag. Breeding of crops using the traditional sources of genetic variation by cisgenesis can speed up the whole process dramatically, along with usage of existing promising varieties. New biotechnology is making cisgenesis increasingly feasible in use of gene resources and precisely obtaining new agricultural traits without insertion of foreign genes or gene fragments. The generation of cisgenic crops is still very limited and has been reported in apple, in pear, in barley, and in potato. Application of cisgenic techniques enhances the possibility to introgress the preferred genes into the novel cultivars (mostly single gene in the first step), without disturbing their favorable characteristics. Thus, if we expand our area of research towards cisgenic approach and if it has been exempted from the regulatory framework of GM technology it is anticipated that cisgenesis may wipe out the likely uncertain outcomes and the social beliefs that public have in their mind regarding GM technology. Therefore, cisgenesis will be playing an important role in sustainable crop improvement.

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Research Scholar, UIET (Biotechnology) MDU, Rohtak neerajruhil5555@gmail.com