Effect of 26 Weeks Extended Yogic Program on the Selected Psychological and Physiological Variables of Juvenile Prison Inmates

INTRODUCTION

Now, it is scientifically proven and widely accepted that yoga can transform the life of mankind not only physical health also ensure mental and emotional health of prisoners. [3] Crimes are the acts which are forbidden and punished by law; these acts may threaten the well being of the society or injure any of its members. People are most likely to commit a criminal act between the age of 15 and 25 years. Imprisonment is a method of dealing with the people who commit crimes by confining them to a fortified boundary with certain strict rules for all that in the prison. Crimes like any other action of the body are a manifestation of thought. Crimes come to be regarded as essentially a social problem and retribution as the object of improvement is discarded. Detention as an objective in imprisonment is also very limited in scope. Reformation of the offender is being regarded as the ultimate aim of the prison sentence. Rehabilitation of the criminals (Convicted and Under-trail both) has become one of the most important objectives of the jail authorities. [4] The objective of the Study: The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of 26 weeks extended yoga program on the selected psychological and physiological variables of the juvenile prison inmates.

today. The greater need to reduce the juvenile delinquency in India, justify the need for more effective life changing approaches for minors in jails. Thus jail that applies the recommended approach derived from the results of the study will be able to serve better to reduce juvenile delinquency in India and makes prison inmates life happier and healthier. Methodology: Sampling- The subjects for the study were randomly selected for the purpose of the study. The subjects were divided into two equal groups: Group A and Group B, Group A were Experimental, (N=100) and B was Control (N=100). The age of the subjects was ranging between 12 to 18 years. Criterion Measured and Tool Used: Dependent and Independent Variables: 26 weeks extended yogic program was an independent variable and three psychological and four physiological variables dependent variable

a) Attitude – Attitude Opinionnaire (Hamare Dristikona) of N.S. Chauhan and Saroj Arora [5] b) Aggression – Aggression Inventory (A. Inventory) of M. K. Sultania of Agra [6] c) Anxiety – Comprehensive anxiety test (C.A.Test) of Dr. Harish Sharma, Dr. R.L. Bhardwaj and Dr. Mahesh Bhargava of Agra [7]

a) Blood Pressure - Sphygmomanometer and stethoscope b) Pulse Rate -- Manually through Redial artery c) Vital Capacity -- Dry Spirometer (Developed and manufactured by Lovely Electronics, Lampur Road, Bankner, Rajasthan.) d) Cardiovascular Endurance -- Harvard Step Test

Null Hypothesis: H0=H1 (There will be no effect of the extended 26-week yogic program on the selected psychological and physiological variables of the juvenile prison inmates) physiological variables of the juvenile prison inmates) The 26 Weeks Yogic Program: A twenty-six-week extended yogic training programme was developed with the help of yoga experts and related literature. This yogic program was executed on the experimental group after the pre-data-collection, up to six months thrice a week for 1 hour (except Sunday). The duration of practice was pre-decided for a maximum two hour a day but jail authority allowed for only for one hour due to their daily schedule. The yogic practice included the several selected activities from Astanga Yoga, Hath Yoga, Kriya yoga and Shatkarms including Surya Namaskar. It had been practiced throughout the 26 weeks of a duration of the study. Data Collection: Data were collected on selected 7 dependent variables before and after the 26-week extended program using standardized tools and procedures in the Indian context.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

This study was taken to find out the effect of the yogic program on the selected psycho-physiological variables of prisoners. In this experimental study the effect of the logic program as an independent variable were tested on the following psychological variables; Attitude, aggression and anxiety and physiological variables; Blood pressure; Cardio-vascular endurance; Vital capacity as dependent variables.

Findings: Table no. 1 (i) showed that the comparison of means on Attitude of the experimental and control group was significantly different. It showed that with 198 df, ‗t' 14.73 is greater than the need for significance at 0.05 level of significance. Table no.1 (ii) showed that the analysis of covariance on Attitude of the experimental, control and adjusted groups were significantly different. The table revealed an F ratio value (249.52 w) which is highly significant. Since it was found higher than the tabulated F value required to be significant.

Findings: Table no. 2 (i) showed that the comparison of means on the aggression of the experimental and control group was significantly different. It showed that with 198 df, ‗t' 12.53 is greater than the need for significance at 0.05 level of significance. Table no.2 (ii) showed that the analysis of covariance on the aggression of the experimental, control and adjusted groups were significantly different. The table revealed an F ratio value 404.57 which is highly significant. Since it was found higher than the tabulated F value required to be significant. Discussion on Findings: Hence this statistical finding clearly implies that the yogic program had a significant effect on aggression. On the basis of the above findings, the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis is accepted. The findings support the study of Dr. Parag Joshi and M. Javanbakth, et. al. [9] The significant improvement also depicted through the following graph.

Findings: Table no. 3 (i) showed that the comparison of means on the anxiety of the experimental and control group was significantly different. It showed that with 198 df, ‗t' 5.79 is greater than the need for significance at 0.05 level of significance. Table no.3 (ii) showed that the analysis of covariance on the anxiety of the experimental, control and adjusted groups were significantly different. The table revealed an F ratio value 307.42 which is highly significant. Since it was found higher than the tabulated F value required to be significant. Discussion on Findings: Hence this statistical finding clearly implies that the yogic program had a support the study of Dr. Parag Joshi and M. Jadhav Bhakt. [9] The significant improvement also depicted through the following graph.

Findings: Table no. 4 (i) showed that the comparison of means on Diastolic blood pressure of the experimental and control group was significantly different. It showed that with 198 df, ‗t' value 2.64 is greater than the need for significance groups were significantly different. The table revealed an F ratio value 529.94 which is highly significant. Since it was found higher than the tabulated F value required to be significant. Discussion on Findings: Hence this statistical finding clearly implies that the yogic program had a significant effect on Diastolic blood pressure. On the basis of the above findings, the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis is accepted. The findings support the study of Dr. U S. Tripathi & Dr. Rajeev Choudhary.[10] The significant improvement also depicted through the following graph.

Findings: Table no. 5 (i) showed that the comparison of means on Systolic blood pressure of the experimental and control group was significantly different. It showed that with 198 df, ‗t' 2.46 is greater than the need for significance at 0.05 level of significance. Table no.5 (ii) showed that the analysis of covariance on Systolic blood pressure of the experimental, control and adjusted groups were significantly different. The table revealed an F ratio value 426.20 which is highly significant. Since it was found higher than the tabulated F value required to be significant. Discussion on Findings: Hence this statistical finding clearly implies that the yogic program had a significant effect on Systolic blood pressure. On the basis of the above findings, the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis is accepted. The findings support the study of Dr. U S. Tripathi & Dr. Rajeev Choudhary. [10] The significant improvement also depicted through the following graph.

Findings: Table no. 6 (i) showed that the comparison of means on CV Endurance of the experimental and control group was significantly different. It showed that with 198 df, ‗t' -9.62 is greater than the need for significance at 0.05 level of significance. Table no. 6 (ii) showed that the analysis of covariance on CV Endurance of the experimental, control and adjusted groups were significantly different. The table revealed an F ratio value 214.67 which is highly significant. Since it was found higher than the tabulated F value required to be significant. Discussion on Findings: Hence this statistical finding clearly implies that the yogic program had a significant effect on CV Endurance. On the basis of the above findings, the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis is accepted. It supports the study of Dr. S. K. Gosh [11]. The significant improvement also depicted through the following graph.

Findings: Table no. 7 (i) showed that the comparison of means on the vital capacity of the experimental and control group was significantly different. It showed that with 198 df, ‗t' 2.62 is greater than the need for significance at 0.05 level of significance. Table no.7 (ii) showed that the analysis of covariance on the vital capacity of the experimental, control and adjusted groups were significantly different. The table revealed an F ratio value 1561.37 which is highly significant. Since it Discussion on Findings: Hence this statistical finding clearly implies that the yogic program had a significant effect on vital capacity. On the basis of the above findings, the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis is accepted. The findings support the study of Bhole M.V., Karmbelkar P.V. [12] The significant improvement also depicted through the following graph.

Table no. 8 (i) Comparison of mean difference of experimental and control group in Pulse rate

Findings: Table no. 8 (i) showed that the comparison of means on Pulse Rate of the experimental and control group was not significantly different. It showed that with 198 df, ‗t' 0.43 is lower than the need for significance at 0.05 level of different. The table revealed an F ratio value 0.19 which is highly insignificant. Since it was found lower than the tabulated F value required to be significant. Discussion on Findings: Hence this statistical finding clearly implies that the yogic program had an insignificant effect on Pulse Rate. On the basis of the above findings, the null hypothesis is accepted and the alternative hypothesis is rejected. The findings support the study of S. K. Gosh [11]. The significant improvement also depicted through the following graph.

CONCLUSION:

Within the limitations of the study, It has been concluded from the results that; in psychological variables attitude of the juvenile prison inmates in the experimental group has been significantly improved simultaneously aggression and anxiety has been significantly reduced after 26 weeks extended the logic program. Whereas in Physiological variables blood pressure (Diastolic and Systolic) of juvenile prison inmates in experimental group has been seen more close to health standard, Vital Capacity and Cardio-Vascular Efficiency has also been improved due to 26 weeks extended yogic program but the pulse rate of the juvenile prison inmates has remained unchanged in the experimental group and control group. Hence it can be clearly stated that 26 weeks of the extended yogic program can significantly contribute to the change of attitude, aggression, the anxiety of the juvenile prison inmates [13] and help them to join the mainstream of the society. [14] Finally, Different yogic programs could be part of jail reforms in India and abroad.

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Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Sports Academy, Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia, Africa kanhaiyasingh107@gmail.com