A Review of Natural Phytochemicals in Preventing and Treating Cancers

1. INTRODUCTION

The antibiotics generated by pharmaceuticals industry are growing resistant to microorganisms that cause dangerous infection around the globe. Although antibiotics and chemical synthesisers may treat microbial illnesses fairly quickly, they might produce certain adverse effects and disrupt the body's natural immunity. These need an alternative medicinal supply, reducing the risks of these germs and simultaneously substituting synthetic medicines. Medicinal plants have been a boon to civilization in this respect. The so-called "healing plants" usually maintain cure or exhaust favourable pharmacological effects on an organism. These herbs were employed from time immemorial to eliminate human diseases and maintain human health. For years in everyday life, several medicinal plants have been utilised to heal diseases across the globe. In ancient scriptures such as the Vedas and the Bible, the manufacture and use of herbal remedies for the treatment of hazardous diseases was described. The World Health Organization states that 80% of the world's impoverished nations depend on herbal medicines to meet their core health needs. The supplemental resource for life-saving drugs is considered the world's cheapest and most effective medicinal products. Natural herbs have been used for thousands of years to prevent and cure numerous diseases. The ancient Chinese Emperor, the Red Emperor, and Shen Nung established a first herbal medicinal literature circa 2800 BC. Pentsao. - Pentsao. Prevention is viewed as a superior approach to disease management. It was believed that the ancient emperor of China, the Yellow emperor, writes a book, and as the Huang-Di Nei-Jing demonstrates, "The saint treats the wicked more than the sick and takes more care of them as a matter of duty than as an illness. The medicine is the same as digging a well if you are thirsty or tossing a battle spade when the pannemonium is generated or quenched. Is it quite late?"

Since ancient times, ethnobotanical research have been conducted on medicinal plants for illness treatment. For example, Quinine was initially shown to be the efficient treatment of infectious disorders using chemical compounds (David and Jacoby, 2005). This was the most significant 17th century medical discovery (Achan et al., 2011). The quinine source, the bark of the tree Cinchona dates back to the XVI century in practical sense (quinaquina). However, the first phases of contemporary phytochemistry marked the isolation Wilhelm Adam Serturner (1783–1841). (Krishnamurti and Rao, 2016). This separation resulted not only in the creation of novel pharmaceuticals but also in the treatment of plant extracts that were used as medicines. It must be noted that besides being the first person to isolate an alkaloid, morphin, Friedrich Wilhelm was the first person to isolate a herbal or pharmaceutical active component. Not long enough, his findings made drug chemistry into a recognised area of science, from a condition of alchemy (Krishnamurti and Rao, 2016) Similarly, in 1820, researchers Pierre Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Caventou removed quinine from the plant, Cinchona Officinalis, a unique medicinal product with a malaria indication (Dobson, 2001). Several additional substances, such digitalis (1785), picrotoxine (1812–1884), curare (1856–1958) and salicin (1860–1877) have since been effectively isolated and described (in the previous 300 years) (Dikshit, 2017). In the 1970s, developments in biotechnology led to the manufacture of more stable, but less effective, but commercially valuable, chemicals, by imitating the biosynthetic pathways for synthesization of diverse derivatives of plant metabolites. Volume 3 of this book provides details about the in vitro production of phytochemicals. Because terpenes are a variety but a challenge for extraction, scientists Croteau and Cane were the first in the 1980's to identify terpenes-synthesis enzymes, terpenes synthesis that led to the identification of alternative routes for terpenes, monoterpenes, diterpenes etc (Hartmann, 2007). In 1990, contemporary phytochemistry developed advanced procedures, which made it a noteworthy time.

Powerful nutrient-type substances in plants are phytochimicals, which are also known as phytonutrients. In contrast, you do not acquire a significant flaw without phytonutrients, as is key nutrients such as vitamin C. However, these chemicals may be of tremendous health value. Diet rich in phytochemicals is closely linked to improved health. They may both enhance your detoxifying capacity and strengthen your immune system. Phytochemicals may also contribute to protecting against ageing conditions including diabetes, cardiovascular and osteoporosis. Then as your mom grew up, she understood what she was talking about when she urged you to eat your fruits and vegetables. As the name says, all compounds in plants are phytochemicals. Thousands of phytochemicals are categorised in several ways that we know now. Nutritionists prefer to classify them by their probable impacts on the body's health. For example, certain phytochemicals are antioxidant, rather than their metabolism of the female sex hormone oestrogens (see also the section on the "Potential Health effects of phytochemicals").

The phytochemical products may also be arranged into groups with the same chemical structure. Phytochemicals also affect the human body in the same class. It's common. Phytochemicals of this kind include: ► Phenols: Phenols are a wide range of phenol-based products some of them relate to antioxidants that are considered to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer. The phenols contain an aromatic ring structure associated with one or many groups of hydroxyls. When more than one set of hydroxyles is involved, we speak about polyphenols. Examples of these are phenolic phytochemicals: For example, flavonoids may prevent damages in red raisins, peanuts and blackberris to arteries resulting from the high fat diet of resveratrol. Resveratrol also may prevent and prevent cell damage and heart disease from spreading via reduced blood clot production and inflammation. Another kind of flavonoid may help prevent catechins in cocoa, tea and blackberries from forming. The examples in this category include Quercetine or cyanide. ► Phenolic Acids: Different phenolic acids are associated with different bodily effects. Capsaicin in spicy peppers, for instance, is considered to help control the blood flow while in beer, wine and walnuts ellagic acid may cause enzymes to eliminate the carcinogen from the body. Curcumin, tannins or vanillin are other well-known phytochemicals in this group. The activity of oestrogen in the body may be inhibited by lignans present in flaxseed and sesame seeds, as well as whole grains. ► Terrenes: This vast group contains antioxidant-property phytochemicals that are considered to have a lower risk of cardiac disease or cancer. Terpenes may be recognised as the main kind of hydrocarbon released by plants and arbres, which is Isoprene. ► Carotenoids: Are offered for instance Beta Carotine, Lycopene, Lutein and Zeaxanthin. Beta carotene (provitamin A)

broccoli, spinach and many others. In guava, sweets, tomatoes, papaya, as well as pink or red grapefruit, Lycopene is plentiful. Also in the ovine and kiwi vegetables (e.g. spinach, kala, broccoli and roman salad) and in leafy greens, Lutein is connected with reduced incidence of macular degeneration. ► Thiols (Organosulfur Compounds) : In this family of phytochemicals there contains sulphur and it is thought that it stimulates body enzyme activity, which may avoid the harm of DNAs by carcinogens. A strong fragrance may release Thiols. Some kinds, like indoles, may also be phytoestrogenic. In the thiol class are included indoles, isothiocyanates and allyl sulphides, such as allicin. Indoles and isothiocyanates are found in cruciferous plants. Allicin usually combined with garlic is not contained naturally in garlic but may be accessed if allicin has been cut or crushed. ► Phytic Acids: These phytochemicals are said to bind to minerals, also known as inositol hexaphosphate or phytate, to block the developing of free radicals, which may result in lower cancer risk. Nuts, oats, whole grains and legumes are the source of phytic acids.

In order to find novel medicines and to repurpose old ones (see Chapter 20-25 for more detail), the understanding of plant chemicals is crucial. The following are: 1. Characterisation of indigenous herbal medicines in unrefined form and standardisation. 2. Evaluation of plant toxicity 3. Comprehension of plant physiology, biosynthesis and metabolomics 4. Identifying and classifying plants 5. Inter-plant and intra-specific chemical variability study 6. The optimization and production of classic chemicals in biotechnology and genetic engineering 7. Plant disease 9. Preservation of foodstuffs. 10. Toxic chemicals such as toxins and heavy metals should be phytoremediated.

Ten thousands of phytochemicals are available. Until now, owing of their many number and rates of discovery of novel phytochemicals, there could not have been an uniform categorization scheme. Phytochemicals were separated into three chemical classes using a simple categorization scheme. They are the substances phenolic, terpenes, N and S.

The fruits, vegetables, whole grains, spices, legumes, herbs, shrubs, orchards and trees contain plant chemical agents. At plant sections, they are gathered in various levels such as the leaves, fruits, bark, stem, roots, seeds and flowers. Although the process by which they generate it may vary, many plant compounds may also be generated by other living species such as fungus. Many phytochemical foods are, however, already part of our regular diet, with the exception of processed foods such as sugar or alcohol. More phytochemicals may be obtained by eating variety of at least five to nine portions of fruits and vegetables a day representing rainbow colours.

► Organisms: Phytochemicals play quite a lot of functions in live creatures, which have not been completely understood as the process by which they do it. Phytochemical functions, however, like: 1. Preventing the oxidisation of essential macromolecules, for example nucleic acids, proteins and lipids 2. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral and anti-trypanocidal agents. Antimicrobial agentes 3. Immune system stimulation 4. Enzyme detoxification modulation. 5. Functions anti-inflammatory. 6. Platelet aggregations reduction. antidiarrheal, antihelmintic, hepatoprotective, anti-theroscleroses, antiallergy and antihypertensive therapy, antidiabetic, antihelmintic, wound healing and pain relief. Found in the treatment of sore throat, cough, toothache, ulcers, menstrual bleeding, sperm counting, diarrhoea, abdominal discord, vertigo and enhancement of appetite are also utilised. Phytochemicals Depending on the plant there are many more activities of phytochemicals. The most beneficial medicines are made from plants throughout 80 percent of the earth. Chapters 4 and 5 of the book provide an overview of phytochemicals' biological roles and immunomodulatory characteristics. Volume 2 of this book has many chapters which examine the many uses of natural vegetable products for illness treatment.

Cancer, the uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal cells in the body collection comprising over 100 separate illnesses Even though cancer has been recognised since ancient times, some important improvements have been achieved during the mid-20th century in scientists' knowledge of cancer. These breakthroughs resulted in substantial advancements in cancer treatment, especially by developing early and accurate diagnostics tools, selected operations, radiation therapy, chemotherapy and targeted treatments (agents designed against specific molecules involved in cancer). Advances in therapy have led to a drop in cancer fatalities, though mostly in industrialised nations. In fact, cancer remains the world's leading cause of disease and death. By 2018, more than 18 million new cases were diagnosed yearly, more than half in less-developed countries and 9,6 million fatalities in 2018 globally. In low- and middle-income nations over 70% of cancer fatalities occurred. The World Health Organisation (WHO), in particular by avoiding the recognised risk factors, has projected that the worldwide cancer burden might be decreased by as much as 30% to 50%. Laboratory research to understand the origins and processes of cancer also has maintained an optimistic approach to manage the illness. Researchers have developed a basic grasp of what is happening in cells to lead them to become malignant via advancements in cell biology, genetics, and biotechnology. These conceptual advantages are constantly transformed into practical improvements in diagnostic and therapeutic practise with considerable progress to custom cancer medicine in which treatment is customised specifically for people according to biological abnormalities. Personalized cancer

Cancer isn't a single illness, but rather a collection of approximately 200 distinct ones.1 As such, it is impossible to speak about cancer without identifying the precise form of cancer someone has. There are numerous ways in which malignancies are called and classed, including depending on their source of genesis (cell, tissue, location), tumour grade, stage, DNA profile, and more. Knowing more about all of them may help you better understanding the sort of cancer you have and what it implies for your route ahead. ► Primary vs. Metastatic: When cancer spreads (metastasizing) to another part of the body, it frequently leads to confusion in the discussion of the cancer kinds. The kind of cancer cell or organ in which it was spread was termed after a disease spreading, not the area of the body where it spreads. It's the main cancer. It would not be known as lung cancer, for example, if breast cancer start in the breast and then progressed to the lung. The initial breast cancer would instead be called lung metastatic. Doctors seldom are able to establish where a cancer has started but can only uncover indications that it has spread. ► By Cell or Tissue Type: The name of various malignancies is based on the sort of cells that start cancer. For instance, you could have been informed you had kidney cancer yet the sort of kidney cell in which these tumours arise may vary greatly from kidney cancer. There are six main forms of cell cancer • Carcinomas • Sarcomas • Myelomas • Leukemias • Lymphomas • Mixed types (including blastomas) ► Sarcomas : Sarcomas include the cells termed mesenchymal cells, bone cancer and soft tissue in the body. These include bone malignancies, the muscles, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, arteries, nerves, synovial tissue (conjoints), and the fatty tissue

• Osteosarcoma (bone cancers) • Chondrochondrosarcoma (cartilage cancers) • Liposarcoma Liposarcoma (fatty tissue cancers) • Rhabdomyosarcodylasticity (skeletal muscle cancers) • Biogravity (smooth muscle cancers) • Angiosarcoma Angiosarcoma (blood vessel cancers) • Mesothelioma Mesothelioma (cancers of the mesothelium, the tissues that line the chest and abdominal cavities) • Biochemistry • Astrocytoma and glioma ► Myelomas: Myeloma, commonly known as multiple myeloma, is a cell malignancy known as plasma cells in the immune system. Plasma cells are the anticorps producing cells. ► Leukemias: Leukemia are blood cell malignancies that originate from the bone marrow. Leukemia is believed to be 'liquid' cancer as opposed to myeloma and lymphoma among blood-related malignancies. Since these malignancies include the bloodstream cells, they are generally treated as solid, spread tumours. Examples are: • Lymphocytic Leukemias: These are lymphocyte tumours in white blood cells. • Myelocytic Leukemias: For mature, or immature, cells, cancer is known as myelocytes such as neutrophil. Lymphocytic and myelocytic leukaemia are both quickly (acute) as well as longer-term (chronic). ► Mixed Types: It is fairly unusual for a malignancy to have more than one sort of tissue features. Cancer cells vary in many ways from normal cells which are called differentiation. Cancer cells differ. Some cancers may seem quite similar to the normal cells they come from (these are termed well-differentiated tumours), while others may have few similarities (you may see the term undifferentiated on a pathology report). a tumour. Adenocarcinoma, for example, may have cells which appear like adenocarcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma. This is defined as having adenosquamous characteristics in a pathology report. Blastomas are a kind occasionally distinguished from the others. These tumours arise in cells of the embryo. Cells that have not yet picked an epithelial or mesenchymal cell pathway. • By Body Part/System: The organ or organ systems in which it arises also commonly separate cancers. • Central Nervous System Cancers: Central nervous system cancer encompasses brain and back tissue cancers. brain cancer has a substantially higher prevalence than primary brain cancer than is recognised as brain cancer, but as brain metastases. Often the brain may transferres lung cancer, breast cancer, and melanoma. Unlike other tumours in the body, malignancies often don't spread beyond the brain. The frequency of brain cancer has generally grown in recent years. • Head and Neck Cancers: Cancer of the head and neck, from language to voice chords, may damage every part of the neck and head. Among the past, these malignancies have been more prevalent in both heavy and smoking adults. 10 Human papillomaviruses (HPV, nevertheless) has become a prominent cause for the cancer of the human head and neck each year in the United States alone with about 10,000 individuals having HPV-related malignancies. Two tumours of this kind: • Oral Cancer: About 60 to 70% of all malignancies in the head and neck are oral. The mouth, tongue, lips, throat (pharynx) and nasal passages may also be involved in such tumours. Cancer of the larynx (cancer of the vocal cords) • Breast Cancers: Many people are aware that it is all too frequent for women to have breast cancer, but it is vital to note that males may also get breast cancer. In males, around 1 in 100 breast cancers develop. Ductal carcinoma is the most frequent kind of brain cancer. Since the majority of breast cancer is carcinoma, it may occasionally be found before it is invasive. Carcinoma or stage 0 of breast cancer is termed in situ. Stages 1 through • Male Breast Cancer : If males get breast cancer, there is a hereditary component more probable. A family history of breast cancer should cause your doctor to talk with you. • Respiratory Cancers: In the United States, lung cancer and bronchial tubes are the leading cause of death among both men and women. 14 Although smoking is certainly a risk factor, non-smokers are also suffering from lung cancer. Indeed, lung cancer among such individuals is the sixth leading cause of cancer death in the United States. • Mesothelioma: Mesotelioma is a lining encircling the lung cancer of the pleural mesothelium. Exposure to asbestos is closely associated with. • Digestive System Cancers: Cancer of the digestive system may develop from the mouth to the anus. Most of these tumours are adenocarcinomas; the upper oesophagus and the furthest part of the anal include squamous cell carcinomas. Include types: • Esophageal Cancer: In recent years, there have been changes in the most frequent kind of esophageal cancer. While the most frequent type of the illness was originally squamous cell oesophagic cancer (frequently associated with smoking/drinking), oesophageal adenocarcinome has been overcome (often related to long-standing acid reflux). • Liver Cancer: Metastatic carcinoma of the liver is substantially more prevalent than cancer of the principal liver. Hepatitis B and C chronic infections constitute risk factors for liver cancer. • Colon Cancer: Colon cancer is frequently called colorectal cancer which covers both rectal and upper colon malignancies. It is the third-largest cancer mortality cause for men and women alike. • Anal Cancer: In both treatments and causes, anal cancer varies from colon cancer. The majority of anal malignancies are due to HPV infection. • Urinary System Cancers: The kidney, the bladder, the tubes that link the renal and bladder (called urereti) to the urethra are part of this genitourinary system (the passageway out from the bladder). • Kidney Cancer: Renal cell carcinoma (approximately 90%), transitory cell carcinoma, and Wilm's tumour in children are among the most prevalent kinds of kidney cancer.

Male and female cancer of reproductive organ may arise. Ovarian cancer is the fifth most cause of cancer mortality in women and is frequently identified after it has already spread, but treatable in the early stages. Include types: • Testicular cancer • Ovarian cancer (including germ cell tumors) • Uterine cancer (also called endometrial cancer) • Fallopian tube cancer • Cervical cancer • Endocrine Cancers The endocrine system is a group of glandular symptoms that create hormones and may thus have over- or under-produced hormones. With the exception of thyroid cancer, most endocrine malignancies are rather uncommon. A mixture of several endocrine tumours is known to be endocrine neoplasia or MEN in families. In the United States, the incidence of thyroid cancer is higher than any other cancer. Fortunately, many of these tumours have a good survival rate. • Bone and Soft Tissue Cancers: Malignancies that are metastatic to the bone, unlike primary and soft tissue cancers that are rare. Bone, primary or metastatic, typically has signs of discomfort or a pathologic fracture – a fracture in a bone that is weakened by a tumour. • Osteosarcoma: Kaposi's sarcoma: Kaposi's sarcoma is a soft tissue cancer often seen in people with HIV/AIDS.

Both those affecting blood cells and the solid tissue of the immune system, for instance lymph nodes, are blood-related malignancies. Blood-related malignancies are considerably different in

role. These are the most prevalent childhood malignancies. • Blood-related cancers include • Hodgkin lymphoma • Non-Hodgkin lymphoma • Acute lymphocytic leukemia • Chronic lymphocytic leukemia • Acute myelogenous leukemia • Chronic myelogenous leukemia • Myeloma

Haut malignancies are usually divided into melanoma and non-melanoma in two basic categories. While skin cancers are much more prevalent than non-melanoma, melanomas cause the most fatalities in skin cancer. Skin cancer examples include: • Basal cell carcinoma • Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin

The signs and symptoms of cancer depend on whatever portion of the body is afflicted. Although not unique to cancers, some common signs and symptoms include: • Fatigue • Thickening lump or region beneath the skin • Changes in weight include unintentional loss or increase • skin changes such as yellowing, darkening, or redness; not mending injuries; Bowel- or bladder-like changes • Cough and breathing difficulties • Difficulty swallowing • Hoarseness • Persistent indigestion or eating pain. • Persistent muscle or joint pain unexplained • Explanatory haemorrhage or bleeding

Cancer is a condition that is life-threatening yet nonetheless 40% of instances of cancer, including lung and oral cancer, may be avoided. It might lead to the development of cancer if your body cells begin to behave anti-socially. Here we inform you about the main causes of cancer that encourage aberrant cell proliferation. Review the top 10 factors for the cancer cause. ► Tobacco: As we all know, the major culprit behind lung cancer is smoking. The smoke that you consume via cigarettes is full of carcinogenic substances that harm your lung tissue. Our body has muscle tissues that mend smoking damage, but repeated practise may be exceedingly damaging. The study shows that 15 cigarettes are sufficient to take you to the area of cancer. One of the main causes why cancer of the mouth and lung cancers are tobacco. Most Indians are dependent on the intake of tobacco. People in U.P. and Bihar have mostly a cigarette addiction, which thus leads to cancer; the number of patients in these countries is large. We must stop tobacco use to avoid lung and oral cancer. ► Obesity or Overweight: There are many individuals who are overweight and may be included to the lists of cancer patients. One of the main reasons why weight growth is due to the fats. Two kinds of fats are present - saturated and unsaturated fats. Saturated fats are more susceptible to illness, since cholesterol levels grow in the body. The body's overfat has a severe impact on the hormones. In addition, your weight also contributes to genetic, hormonal, environmental and emotional variables. Be careful thus with the weight of your body. Regularly exercise and prepare for little weight loss. The Body Mass Index (BMI) is below 25, according to the physicians, beneficial for health. However, realise this changes according on age and height. ► Diet: You may not think that nutrition is the major cause of cancer behind 35 – 40% of individuals. Diet is directly associated with obesity, thus we can claim that half of cancer deaths are caused by the incorrect diet. We recommend that you avoid a amounts of fruits and vegetables, thereby reducing cancer risk. Don't miss reading about food cancer combat. ► Alcohol: The harm is as terrible whether you consume alcohol all at once or over time. Beer, wine or whatever you consume will be damaged equally. Alcohols include a substance that is cancer-prone to alcohol, namely acetaldehyde (toxic chemical). Mouth upper throat cancer, larynx cancer, esophageal cancer, breast cancer, liver cancer, bowel cancer is the major cause of alcohol, etc. ► Air Pollution: A further component behind the cause of lung cancer is toxic gases or the contaminated environment. Reports show that your danger is modest, but you might have a harsher ongoing exposure to the polluting environment. Besides lung cancer, contamination causes several ailments in the heart and breathing environments. However, in comparison with other factors, air pollution is not so detrimental to health that you also need to be aware of this. Besides polluted air, second-hand smoking also contributes to people's lung cancer. So advise them to quit every time you find somebody smoking near you. If not, then leave the place. ► Age: Age is a major role in cancer development. It takes a year for cancer cells to form that makes the elderly more victims of the life-threatening illness. The risk of cancer rises with the age of 50 years and most instances of cancer occur around age 66. ► Inherited Genes : Even if you are overly careful of your health, cancer will catch you. We urge you have frequent checks if you have any cancer-related history in your family. The genes that are growing and having an influence on your organism throughout time might inherit DNA/cancer cells. Regular health checks are the sole therapy for reducing cancer of this sort. We hope you found this information useful and you will certainly follow tips to avoid cancer for yourself and your loved ones.

The changes in treatment reaction indicate that therapeutic resistance intrinsically and/or acquired is present in a subgroup of cancer patients. This commonly results in treatment defects, development immunotherapy, hormonal, photodynamic therapy, targeted treatment, palliative treatment and a mix of these cancers may be treated with both invasive and non-invasive therapies (e.g. radiosurgery). Chemotherapy and irradiation continue to be the main standard treatment for cancer patients, since they contribute to tumour shrinking and cancer-cell killing at primary sites or metastases; nevertheless, treatment responses vary considerably in various cancer types and even in people with the same cancer type. One of the most prevalent therapies for cancer is conventional radiation therapy or radiotherapy. High intensity electromagnetic waves, such gamma rays and x-rays (gamma) and malignant cells, are used by traditional radiation to destroy, kill and damage their DNA. In addition, in models of rodent cancer radio immunotherapy using α-emitter tagged J591 derivatives, anti-proliferative potentials are generated which cause little harm to the normal surrounding cells. An ideal anti-cancer chemotherapy medication would preferentially destroy the cells of tumours not ordinary cells. However, most traditional cancer medications are unspecific, creating numerous unwanted side effects and suffering for patients. In reality, because of the inefficiency of present medications, earlier research have presented a model that might lead to the creation of new medications which can overcome resistance problems by studying the processes behind tumor-host interactions. Specific chemical agents (radiosensitizers) in addition to pure chemotherapy may typically improve cells responsiveness to ionising radiation and boost both direct and indirect effects of irradiation. The creation of medicines capable of accumulating selectively in solid tumours thus constitutes an intriguing new topic and is the central objective of contemporary research on anticancer.

See variables such as risk factors and protective variables for cancer prevention. Everything that expands or grows as a possibility of developing cancer is referred to as a risk factor and everything less and more likely to get cancer is termed the protective factors of cancer. Some, but not all, cancer risk factors may be removed. For example, gene heritage and smoking are both risk factors for some types of cancer but they can only be prevented from smoking. Some malignancies may be protective of a healthy diet and frequent exercise. The development of cancer may be reduced if protective factors are increased and risk factors are avoided.

statistics. CA Cancer J Clin 65: pp. 5–29 2. GLOBOCAN/World Health Organization (2012) Cancer facts sheets. IARC. 3. Dougan M, Dranoff G (2012) Immunotherapy of cancer. In: Wang R-F (ed) Innate immune regulation and cancer immunotherapy, 1st edn. Springer, New York, pp 391–414 4. Masawang K, Pedro M, Cidade H, Reis RM, Neves MP, Corrêa AG, Sudprasert W, Bousbaa H, Pinto MM (2014) Evaluation of 2′, 4′-dihydroxy-3, 4, 5-trimethoxychalcone as antimitotic agent that induces mitotic catastrophe in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Toxicol Lett 229: pp. 393–401 5. Liu Y-M, Chen H-L, Lee H-Y, Liou J-P (2014) Tubulin inhibitors: a patent review. Expert OpinTher Pat 24: pp. 69–88 6. Sánchez-Martínez C, Gelbert LM, Lallena MJ, de Dios A (2015) Cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors as anticancer drugs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 25: pp. 3420–3435 7. Li H, Jia Z, Li G, Zhao X, Sun P, Wang J, Fan Z, Lv G (2015) Neuroprotective effects of exendin-4 in rat model of spinal cord injury via inhibiting mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 8: pp. 4837–4843 8. Nkandeu DS, Mqoco TV, Visagie MH, Stander BA, Wolmarans E, Cronje MJ, Joubert AM (2013) In vitro changes in mitochondrial potential, aggresome formation and caspase activity by a novel 17-β-estradiol analogue in breast adenocarcinoma cells. Cell Biochem Funct 31: pp. 566–574 9. Lamidi OF, Sani M, Lazzari P, Zanda M, Fleming IN (2015) The tubulysin analogue KEMTUB10 induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells via p53, Bim and Bcl-2. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 141: pp. 1575–1583 10. Society AC (2014) Cancer facts and figures 204. Am Cancer Soc 4: pp. 10–40 11. Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2018) Global cancer observatory: cancer today. Lyon France Internat Agency Res Cancer 33: pp. 190–230

Research Scholar sowmyareddy3587@gmail.com