Reviewed Study on Ministries and Political Parties during the Period of Study 1947-1969

INTRODUCTION

Madras city developed as the seat of the English East India Company on the Coromandel Coast.1 The State of Madras Presidency had the special respect of being probably the biggest territory of India.2 The current situation with Tamil Nadu comprised as an etymologically homogenous political unit on 1 November 1956.3 This residuary state comprising to a great extent of Tamil talking individuals was called Madras for quite a while It was renamed as Tamil Nadu on 14 January 1969.5 The State of Madras involved the southeastern piece of peninsular India.6 It is the eleventh state in region shaping 4.08 percent of the association areas.7 The State had two enormous mountain frameworks the Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats running parallel toward the west and east coast separately. The southern piece of Tamilnadu is washed by the Indian Ocean. The Western Ghats is the wellspring of cause of numerous waterways Cauvery, Pennar, Palar, Vellar, Vaigai and Thambiraparani. These waterways stumbled into the landmass in a south-eastern bearing. In spite of the fact that they channel rather than water, the upper nation is nearly pointless for route or water system. They make the delta locales prolific by spreading alluvial stores before they arrive at the ocean. The assessed bowl territory of the Cauvery is 28,000 square miles.9 The Cauvery delta is the most fruitful locale of the State. The State gets its precipitation from the South-west and the North-east rainstorm other than summer downpours. The South-west storm period reaches out from June to September while the North-east rainstorm from October to January and the sweltering weather from February to June.10 All wellsprings of water system in the State streams, tanks and wells rely upon the downpours for their revive. Varieties in precipitation and inconsistent stormy seasons combined with the for the most part hot atmosphere of the State and the high yield transportation diminished the utilizable capability of precipitation with the end goal of water system to 20 percent.

Madras, transcendently a Tamil city developed quickly in the monetary field. Since the1870's, when the harbor was manufactured and the principal cotton plant built up, , it had created as a business and modern focus. In the northwestern piece of the city, foundation of railroad workshops and material factories stimulated the pace of industrialization. Stows away and skins shaped the significant fare thing and the premise of tanning work in and around Madras city. In the nineteenth century, be that as it may, the monetary approach of the British Government antagonistically influenced the development of businesses. It forced overwhelming custom obligations to pulverize local enterprises. By the mid twentieth century, Madras undertakings, for example, tanning and handloom weaving. Step by step Madras was changed into a cosmopolitan city. In the field of horticulture, the different frameworks of land income presented by the Government put more noteworthy strains on the laborers. The commercialization of farming irritated the sufferings of the helpless workers. Prior to Independence, an agriculturist gathering was held at the Madras Memorial Hall, on 27 October 1946, the Kumarasamy Raja, Chief Minister made a detailed overview of the complex issues of agrarian remaking in the region. Accordingly, individuals confronted deficiency of rice which was the foremost thing of food. Madras relied on neighboring locale like Nellore and nations like Burma for their rice admission. 1948 the legislature presented "develop more nourishments plans". this piece of the program was to be executed inside 5 to 7 years and secured the entire of the territory. This plan likewise made ready to expand the food grains in the state.

O.P. Ramaswami Reddiar the primary Chief Minister of free India was conceived in 1895 of a laborer group of the Reddiar people group in the town of Omandur in South Arcot District. Prevalently known as Omandur after his local town, he was of Telugu drop and was raised in standard Hindu conventions. He contemplated up to center school in his home town. Checking out legislative issues, he went under the impact of the pioneers of the moderate gathering in the opportunity development. As an individual from the Indian National Congress since 1926, he transformed into a superb gathering laborer, coordinator and speaker. Due to his job in the opportunity tumults, he was detained for multiple times. In 1938 he was chosen as President of the Tamil Nadu congress Committee, in which limit he made the gathering well known among the residents. Since 1946, he was in the Madras Legislative chamber, either as a chosen or as an assigned part. Reddiar was not an alumni and was likewise he couldn't impart in English. In any case, Kamaraj regarded Omandur in light of the fact that he was a genuine political dissident. He had taken an interest in Vedaranyam salt satyagraha and was detained. He was a town moniyagar (Administrative official) of Omandur and regarded by the individuals. Prior he was the President of T.N.C.C. for a year (1939-40). Consequently, he was bolstered by Kamaraj as the correct man for the post. Omandur Ramaswami Reddiyar was delegated Premier on 23 March 1947. Singarammal. He made sure about his BA degree from Madras Presidency College and BL degree from the law school. In 1899 he wedded Mangammal. C.Rajagopalachari started his profession as a legal counselor at Salem, he rose as a political dissident and he was unmistakable pioneer in the battle for opportunity and he was prominently known as Rajaji. In 1922 at the greeting of Gandhi, he took up the editorship of Young India, a political week by week distributed from Ahamadabad.

Praja gathering's adherents were in Andhra.malhar and tamilnadu. The gathering at that point continued to practical recognize itself with the Communist-supported United Democratic Front. The three heads T.Prakasam from Andhra, Adityan from Tamilnadu and Sri Govinda Menon from Malabar were chosen for the State Legislative Council. There was no perceptible movement of the individuals from the Party in the areas, however a couple of equal associations for starvation help were shaped by the Praja Party. The thrashing of Kalavenkat Rao and Gopala Reddi gave a lift to the Praja Party. The gathering under the authority T. Prakasam effectively co-worked with the Communists in endeavor to frame an alliance government.

In 1951 the primary show of the All India Republican Party was held in Madras on the 21 and 22 April 1951 under the administration of H.D. Raja, leader of the Madras Branch. He scrutinized the Congress Party and assaulted the mechanical strategy of the administration as unproductive. Khasa Subba Rao, stretched out his help to the Republican Party and assaulted the nearby Congress Ministry.

This gathering head Sri. S.S. Ramswami Hanamachi took a functioning part in the show of all gatherings hung on twelfth Feb.1952 in Madras. They appear to have mentioned Sri C.N.Annadurai to direct the gathering in its political arrangement.

The IUML was framed in Chennai on tenth March 1948. It is perceived by the Election Commission of India as a state party in India. The IUML has been spoken to in parliament directly from 1952 to introduce day. The IUML party took an interest in the ouster of the primary socialist gathering of India

Indian National Congress, Praja Socialist gathering and IUML.

Regular weal Party was an Indian political gathering that existed in Tamil Nadu between 1951-54. It was begun by M.A. Manickavelu Naicker professing to speak to the interests of Vanniar standing. It converged with Indian National Congress in 1954. The gathering won 3 seats during 1952 lok sabha election and 6 seats in the Madras State administrative get together Election.

The significant change in the political Scenario came in the year 1967 when the congress government was supplanted by DMK government under the central minister boat of C.N. Annadurai. Another centrality of the year 1969 was madras state was renamed as Tamilnadu state. So, the time of the investigation has been fixed to feature the political and financial advancement of madras state from 1947 to 1969.

The congress government which had an overwhelming job in opportunity battle needed to satisfy the confirmation which had a prevalent job in opportunity battle needed to satisfy the affirmation which they had vowed to the individuals while preparing famous help in opportunity battle. Anyway, reestablishing the devasted economy because of the effects of second world was end up being a repetitive occupation for the congress service which accepted force following freedom. While trying to alleviate the current troubles of the individuals, abrogation of Zamindari framework got neighborhood first concern in the Congress Ministry.Nationalisation of Bus Transport, measure against disallowance and weight on the nearby organization shaped the significant proportions of the legislature. The exploration work investigations endeavors of the legislature from the period 1947to 1969.

The legislative issues which likewise affected the economy has been concentrated in detail by numerous researchers. The distributed books of the specialists flexibly parcel of materials for a work of this nature. A survey of a portion of the works by researchers have been given been underneath. P.S. Kumarasamy Raja and Rajaji (2016) The present study consists of five chapters, excluding introduction and conclusion. The presentation section covers physical highlights, political procedure and plan of the investigation. The principal sanction entitled "mintistries and the political spreads the Government under different congress Ministers including, and furthermore the DMK under C.N. Annadurai. It additionally manages the exercises of the socialist party during this period. Manickam.S., (2016) The second section on managerial measures depicts about the freedom day festivity, Constitution of the Indian Republic, Abolition of Zamindari framework, Nationalization of transport, prohibition, instruction and neighborhood organization. Baliga B.S (2017) Third section entitled "advancements of Agriculture ,, manages the horticultural improvement, farming social orders, Irrigation, control plans, improvement of livestock, dairy and milk supply, fisheries and woods. Kandasamy P (2018) Condition of industry frames the fourth part which manages the Nationalization of Industries, enormous and medium businesses, area modern office materials, sericulture, little scale enterprises, and the ocean bone exchange. The fifth section language issues clarifies the semantic redesign of the Madras state, Anti-Hindhi disturbance and the Kanniyakumari District converge with Madras state. Sadhana Sharma (2018) In the end section an examination has been made about the work conveyed by different governments during the period and the developments made in various parts of political and financial advancement in the state during the time of study has been added Job of the State in Agricultural Development in Tamil Nadu The State has been the prime mover of monetary change in Tamil Nadu. During the „fifties‟ the accentuation of the State was on giving the vital framework to future financial improvement. In the consequent plans, the State propelled various positive measures. One of the soonest and generally awesome of these was the Madras Land Reforms (Fixation of roof on Land) Act of 1961, which came as a follow-up of various authoritative measures established during the fifties. The 1961 Act was revised in 1970. There were other authoritative establishments likewise that influenced the possession and utilization of land. Additionally, there were other measures to secure the interests of uncommon gatherings. In 1959 a law was passed that fixed least paces of wages for seven classes of laborers utilized in agribusiness. Agarwal, A.N., (2015) The base wages were changed upwards in 1969. A progression of measures have additionally been taken to support the little ranchers. Measures have additionally been taken by the State to advance rural creation and Madurai, Chilgleput, Coimbatore and Tirunelveli Districts in 1965-66. The program came to be known as the "bundle program". It targets giving a bundle arrangement to the makers to expand the generation of grains including the use of manures the utilization of improved seeds, plant assurance measures and so on. Aruna, Aladi (2014) Other things of the bundle were the arrangement of opportune credit, training 117 through show and such. Appropriation by the State of the HYV program in 1966-67 proclaimed in the Green Revolution. To advance and continue the Green Revolution, the state strengthened the water system and siphon set energisation programs. Uncommon estimates, for example, the coordinated Dry Land Agricultural Department Project in the Koil Patti Taluk in Tirunelveli locale were additionally taken up to serve the dry and dry spell influenced zones. Baker, C.J. (2013) Furthermore, the state additionally assumed measures to expand praise offices for agriculturists. Notwithstanding advancing the exercises of the co-usable establishments, the Tamil Nadu Agro mechanical Corporation was set up in 1966 to supply ranch hardware, for example, tractors, oil motors, electric engine siphon sets, and so on under the contract buy framework. Green insurgency in Paddy, Yellow upheaval in oil seeds, white transformation in milk generation, blue upset in fish creation and brilliant unrest in cultivation bear witness to the point that these are truly land stamps in the development of farming and partnered exercises. These special measures had a substantial effect in the farming creation and yield rates through times. G. Sitaram Sastry, (2016) prominently called Swamy Sitaram, was a staunch Congress laborer. He had kept in touch with Nehru a couple of times requesting the making of Andhra territory inside six months13. On 26 June 1951 he tended to letters to the Government of Madras, the leader of India, the Prime Minister and other pioneers, requesting a confirmation before 15 August that the Andhra state would be shaped. As Sitaram didn't get reaction from any quarter, he reported his choice to go on a quick unto passing from 10 August 1951. development of Andhra State, there was no option for him yet to perform satyagraga. The quick made a profoundly dangerous circumstance in Andhra and prompted some untoward occurrences. M.Bhaktavatsalam, M (2012) There upon Acharia Vinoba Bhave prompted Swamy to surrender his quick with the goal that the entire issue could be settled in a serene environment. Swami finished his multi day quick on after which the hatred of the individuals towards the Andhra Congress pioneers expanded considerably. In this circumstance the general races were held in 1952 and the Congress party framed the service. region, lost their trust in the Madras Government. The new Ministry manifested a sharp keen on the Krishna Pennar task to occupy the waters of the Krishna Rivers to Tamilnadu and there by harm the Andhra interests. While Andhra was not set up to part with waters, Madras was not set up to allow to separation16. In this circumstance Potti Sitaramalu, a veteran chief started to quick unto passing on 19 October 1952 at Madras. This was considered as a piece of his satyagraha. Nerhu denounced it. Hartals were composed and the circumstance crumbled the evening of 15 December when the fifty eighth day of his quick, Sriramalu. breathed his last. The news spread through over the Andhra and the individuals stunned. On 16 December the individuals attacked the Vijayawada Railway Station. Chakravarthi, B.R., (2015) At the guidance of the Government, Justice Wanhoo arrived at New Delhi on 30 December 1952 and held primer counsel with the Prime Minister and the Home Minister. Likewise, Justice Wanhoo landed at Madras on 7 January 1954 and got portrayals. On the 19 January he went out on a week‘s voyage through different places in Andhra area. After the visit Justice Wanhoo had further talks for three days and closed his enquiry on 29 January 1954. Chittibabu, C (2013) Subsequent to having broken down the cases and counter claims in addition to other things he presented his report on 7 February 195320. With respect to limits and the stretch out of the new territory of Andhra, he included twelve locale from the composite province of Madras in particular, Srikakulam, Visakhapatnam, East Godhavari, West Godhavari, Krishna, Guntur, Nellor, Kurnool, Anatapur, Cuddappah, Chittoor and the taluks of Adoni, Alur and Rayadurg of Bellary area Of the seven remaining Taluks of Bellary area, all with the exception of Bellary taluk were remembered for Mysore State. Madras city was to be a piece of the residuary state21. Wanhoo suggested that at any rate five crore of rupees ought to be given to the new state by the Government of India either as an award or as an advance, to empower the new Government to meet its consumption at for the initial scarcely any months, as otherwise it would be unthinkable for the new state to appear. In end Wanhoo alluded to the topic of the date on which the new state was to be created. Dhanuskodi Muruga (2012) The Andhra State bill, 1953 was presented in parliament23. The Andhra state bill may locate a simple and snappy Passage through the House of parliament with the goal that the state might be set up. On the 1 October 1953 to fulfill the extraordinary yearning of Andhra friends. At long last they settled upon the 1 October 1953 as the date on which the new territory of Andhra was created25. Be that as it may, the segment has

Hyderabad high Court to explore the inquiries identifying with Bellary taluk, and regional plans among Andhra and Madras state and report on them. As indicated by the proposal of Lakshmi Shankara Misra Commission Bellary turned out to be a piece of Mysore state.

1. To Describe crafted by the Ministries and the Political Parties that represented Madras State during the time of study. 2. To break down the authoritative estimates taken by the Ministries and political parties during the time of concentrate 1947-1969.

The congress government during the initial too many years of the second 50% of the twentieth century drove the State of Tamilnadu towards by and large advancement yet gradually lost its political clout because of the development of a provincial gathering D.M.K. supported dissidence in the early long stretches of its origin and disposed of that arrangement after the establishment of a law in 1963, to restrict dissident Parties from challenging to the Assemblies and the Parliament. The patriot congress proceeded with its well-established approach of national mix regardless of compulsion to change this arrangement to pick up cast a ballot in the political race. At the end of the day the individuals of the state control in 1967. Towards the finish of the third term (1962-67) the Congress Government had to take certain hard choices to keep up harmony in the state. The correspondence hole between the Government and the individuals, the in-successful working of the authoritative wings of the decision party, and the sentiment of the individuals, because of different reasons, were instrument in dislodging the Congress Government. Significant reasons, similar to the language (Hindi) issue, lack of nourishment grains, sick inclination against the legislature by certain area of the general public for not supporting their motivation were additionally liable for its calamity.

[1] Census of India, 1961, Madras Vol. IX, Madras, 1966. [2] Review of the First Three Five Year Plan, (1951-56, 1956-62 and 1962-67) Planning Commission, Government of India, New Delhi, Report of the Working Factories Act, (1947-69), in the State of Madras Seasons and Crop Jananayaka Seva Sangam, Madras, 1972. [4] Budget Discussion, Government of Tamil Nadu, Madras 1965-66. [5] Census of India 1971 Madras Part-IX, Madras 1971 Education and Social Welfare, Publicity Division, Government of India, New Delhi 971 Madras Information, Government of Tamilnadu, Madras, 1946-1969 Madras State Administration Report, 1947 to 1969 [6] Madras State, 1942-69 The Progress of the Plan, Government of India. Planning Commission, New Delhi, 1954. [7] Tamilnadu Sattamandra Pavazhavizha and Sattamandra Peravavai Vairavizha (Tamil) Madras1997 Proceedings of Seminar on the Five-Year Plan for the Southern States, The Sri Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya, Coimbatore, 1955 BOOK [8] P.G., Note on the Permanent Settlement, Madras, 1940. Gopalakrishnan, Gazetterrs of India Tamilnadu State Grover, B.L., Sethi., Modern Indian History from 1707 to the Present Day, New Delhi, 1972 [9] Kamaraj oru Charitram, Poombukar, (2005) Chennai David Arnold The Congress in Tamilnadu, 1919-1937, New Delhi,1977 Dash, Shreeram Chandra (1986). [10] Chittibabu, C., (1975) Thi. Mu. Ka. varalaru, DMK party publication, Madras Dhanuskodi Muruga [11] Chakravarthi, B.R., A Hand Book of Land Tenures in the Presidency of Madras, Madras, 1924. [12] Madras Legislative Assembly Debates, 1947-1969 Madras Legislative Council Debates, 1947-1952 Food and Agriculture in Madras State, 1947-1969 Report of the Industrial Planning Committee Government Press, Madras, 1947-1969. BOOK

Research Scholar, OPJS University, Churu, Rajasthan