Study on Biochemical Changes in Water and Catla Catla Exposed to the Toxicant Cadmium Chloride

INTRODUCTION

Fish farmers face a big problem with infectious diseases in aquaculture, resulting in severe losses. The recent rise in intensive practises in aquaculture has brought considerable attention to the awareness of the different diseases of the fish to be treated or prevented. The prevalence of diseases in fish farms is commonly illustrated by a number of factors related to methods of rearing, environmental conditions & improvements. A. Hydrophila is a gramme negative, mobile rod recorded in freshwater fish species as an opportunist pathogen, & it is known to be geographically widely distributed. A. The signs of relaxed belly, losing skin, deep dorsal ulcers & widespread haemorrhages on the ventral part of fish have been shown by Catla & Cirrhinus mrigala hydrophila. Closely monitored in India due to losses in the economy reported in recent decades are intensive freshwater aquaculture diseases. Cd's toxicity is due to its capacity to generate reactive oxygen species which can serve as signalling molecules for inducing gene expression & apoptosis (Waisberg et al . 2003), deplete endogenous cadmium, such as other toxic metals, can establish conditions leading to arterial & tissue inflammation and cause more Ca2 + to be drawn to the area as a tampon, thus contributing to hardening.

The catla catla fingerlings used in this research were collected from a Nandivelugu, Guntur Dt, local fish farm (average weight: 6-7 grammes). The laboratory adapted & Andhra Pradesh , India for approximately a week in 50 litre plastic pools. Groundwater utilized in the fish tanks was dissolved with a pH of 7.2±0.1, oxygen 8.0±0.3mg / L & 95.0±5.0mg / L with bicarbonates. After Renewal bioassay LC50 was estimated, & probit analysis method of Finney(1971) was measured. In 5 tissues, i.e. Muscle, Gill, Livers, Heart & Kidneys, normal methods of healthy fish (Control) & those of fish exposed to sublethal & lethal concentrations of Cadmium chloride (Merck) were measured for biochemical constituent agents such as Glucose, Glycogen, Total Proteins & Free Amino acids. A tenth of the lethal level was taken as a sub-lethal dose and for 7 days prior to biochemical analytical slaughter, the fish were exposed to the sub-lethal dose. The Kemp et al.(1954), Lowry et al.(1951), Moore (1954), Pande et al.(1963) separately measure of starch, protein , lipid & free amino acid.

Figure 1 indicates the percentage mortality at various levels of cadmium chloride across various

& unweighted regression method (Finney, 1971) & values from the three methods are 4.57 mg / L, 4.89 mg / L &4.13 mg / L and so on. Thus the average LC50 calculated is 4.533 mg / L. The formula for the dose-mortality regression line was determined to be Y = 2.65X + 3.368.

originate to rely upon exposure period as well as concentrations of the toxicant during our experiments. C. Catla, as some of the other fish and crabs, are very sensitive. These can be seen from the 96-hour-LC50 recorded in Poecil reticulata (30.4 mg / L in a Static Bio-Test System) for Uca rapax (Mehmet Yilmaz et al . , 2004), 43 mg / L for Scorpaena guttata (Brown DA et al . ,1984), Zanders 1996). The metal 's impact is also dependent on the size of the animal, water salinity , temperature & animal form. While the species survive the initial attack of toxins / pollutants as of their defensive adaptations, injuries from the gradual exposure even at small dosages occur later as the resistance of the organism weakens as a outcome of ageing. Furthermore, the state & reaction of the test organism to the quantity of metal entering the body, the retention frequency, & excess rate influence heavy metal's toxic effect.

tissue are listed in Table 1 & variations in percent increase & decrease are described in Table 2. The analysis shows that the blood glucose levels of muscles, gill, liver, heart , & kidneys increased by 7 days at the end of the 96-hour exposure and sublethal concentration, but not in all tissues. Biomolecules, including glucose, glycogen, full proteins, free amino acids & 5 tissue lipids, have been identified in the control fish: Glucose: L > M > K > H > G; Glycogen: L>M>K>G>H; Total Proteins: M>L>K>H>G; Free aminoacids: L=M=G=H=K; Lipids: M>L>G>K>H. The rise in tissue glucose while decreasing in the exposed fish's tissue glycogen indicates that the reserves of glycogen have been used for stress. Increase in serum glucose levels in fish under stress was documented by Bedii &Kenan (2005), Chowdhury et al . ( 2004). This can be due to many factors & one of them is the reduction in the particular activity of certain enzymes including phosphofructokinase, lactate dehydrogenase & citrate kinase that increase the ability of glycolysis (Almeida et al., 2001).

biochemical constituents ( ) or % decrease ( ) in C. Catla exposed in comparison to fish control, to sublethal & lethal cd chloride. The level of glycogen is the highest in liver since it is the main metabolism organ of carbohydrate and the muscle in animals. Liver glycogen is used to store & of glycogen shows its fast deployment to satisfy increased energy requirements for fish exposed to toxicants by the glycolysis or hexosis Monophosphate route. It is supposed to be due to the inhibition of hormones that contribute to glycogen synthesis. Decreases in liver & muscle glycogen levels are supported by reports of earlier workers (Dubale 1981; Sastry 1984). The results are also shown in the following reports: Glycogen stocks have been depleted to K > L > H > M > G in fish exposed to the sublethal dose while the order in fish exposed to the deadly dose of the toxicant has been changed to K > L > H > G > M. This might be due to gills using Glycogen reserves rapidly when revealed to lethal concentration to respond to respiratory strain. The protein-rich muscle forms a mobility-destined and non-metabolistic mechanistic tissue. Liver is also abundant in proteins as a core for different metabolisms. The total protein content has been decreased in all tissues of the exposed fish. When exposes to sublethal dose L > H > G > K > M was shown, the order of reduction in different tissues was observed while lethal exposure changed the order to L > H > G > M. The high levels of the toxicant influence the kidneys & lower levels affect the liver. The reduce in protein as seen in the latest research in most fish tissues could be due to the metabolic use of ketoacid to the pathway of gluconeogenesis for glucose synthesis or to free amino acids for protein synthesis or osmic and ionic control (Schmidt Nielson, 1975). It may also be due or a part of heavy metal-induced apoptosis, to the production of warm shock proteins or destructive free radicals Free amino acids & fish exposed to sub-lethal concentration were not detected in checking tissue. However the fish exposed to lethal concentration, and not in the gills or the heart, in the muscles, liver , & kidney tissues have been detected. The acute effect of the lethal cd concentration on these tissues could be presumed to be this. De smet (2007) description that proteolysis is designed to enhanced the role of proteins in Cd stress energy production. Lipids also are the way energy such as glycogen can be stored. Lipid concentrations were also reduced in fish's tissue exposed to sub-lethal & lethal cd chloride concentration. Previous researchers documented the impact of cadmium on the lipid content (Dubale 1981; Fabien Pierron 2007). In fish exposed to sublethal intakes the decreased lipid level is as H > M > G > K > L & order is H > M > L > K > G in fish exposed to lethal diet.

Acute tests of cd toxicity in the edible carp, Catla catla showed major changes in fish biochemicals such as glucose, glycogen, total protein, lipid & free

metals. This might be due to the adaptive response which is characteristic of vertebrates. Also, the adults are found to be more susceptible to the toxicant than the fingerlings. Unlike organic pollutants, these heavy metals could not biodegraded. Even though some of the micro-organisms can be used for the biosorption, the higher concentrations of these metals are toxic to those micro-organisms even. This process is specific and depends on the cell wall composition of the micro-organism. Additional work wants to be done to identify & utilize the effective strains of microbes for effective removal of heavy metal toxicants to allow for safe utilize for human consumption of crop-fish with a high nutrient value.

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Assistant Professor of Zoology, Simtech College, Patna