A Review on: Nanocomposite Material in Bridge Construction

I. INTRODUCTION

Bridge is common thing that we can see on any river, stream. It also helps in transportation. Now days due to change in climate, use of cheap materials in construction the lifespan of bridges is decreases as comparative to the old life span of bridges. Therefore it is necessary to study the construction of bridges, stress acting on bridge, load & traffic volume study, material study etc. Recovery of losses due to natural disasters is not fully possible in practical manner. So we have to do the prevention against this and also society should be aware against such problems. We can‘t control the amount or quantity of flood so we have to set prevention against such disaster so that we can avoid the damage and loss of needed things. If we study the materials structure and understand it thoroughly it can help to increase the possibility of increase in strength of it .Nanotechnology will help to study the atomic structure and nanoproperties of materials that are we use in construction of bridge. Nowadays nanocomposites are efficient way to increase the strength of materials without increasing the total weight of it. Nanotechnology is the re-engineering of materials and devices by controlling the matter at the atomic level. In other words, nanotechnology is a field that is dominated by developments in basic physics and chemistry research. According to the report of RILEM TC 197-NCM, ―Nanotechnology in construction materials‖ (Zhu et al., 2004), is the rest document that synthesis in a clear manner the potential of nanotechnology in terms of the development of construction and building materials, namely: - • The use of nano-particles, carbon nano-tubes, and nano-fibers to increase the strength and durability of cementitious composites, as well as for pollution reduction. • Production of cheap corrosion free steel. • Production of thermal insulation materials with performance of 10 times the current commercial options. • Production of coats and thin films with self-cleansing ability and self-colour change to minimize energy consumption.(1) Size limits for these effects have been proposed:- • <5 nm for catalytic activity, • <20 nm for making a hard-magnetic material soft, • <50 nm for refractive index changes, • <100 nm for achieving super paramagnetic, mechanical strengthening or

ages, be it in the sword of tipu sultan or in the windows of the medieval churches in Europe. A common question in the minds of all of us living in today‘s world is about how the mechanism of nanotechnology can be used in the healthy compatibility with the constructional structures like that of massive buildings and bridges, which have been thought to encroach upon huge masses of land, leading to the destroying of homes of wildlife and putting pressure in the limited reserves of energy(11).

In(2) this paper they are discussed the current research work regarding applications of nanotechnology in cement-based materials is either related to coating or enhancement of mechanical properties .they had study in nanocomposites material such as Titanium dioxide (TiO2), Nano silica (SiO2), Alumina(Al2O3), ZrO2, Carbon nanotube (CNT) nanoclay, etc. this are cement based material is related to the coating or enhancement of mechanical properties. They are discussed about the general experiment methods as like compressive stress, split tensile test & flexural strength etc for the nanocement .they are discussed about the water proofing, acid resitive and self-healing qualities of nanocement.

In(3) this paper the aim of this research paper is to address the futuristic construction materials. The innovations could be two-types; one is the modification of classical materials and the other should cover the invention of novel materials. The primary goal of all such materials should be environment friendly. Secondarily, they should had durable and cost effective. It is by now evident that the knowledge of the very small things is creating wast changes, with various economic benefits to the construction industry.

In(4,20) this Paper they had mentioned that nanotechnology growing fastly .it is also used in construction engineering. It most recent research that had happen in civil engineering and construction material. The properties like self-sensing, self- rehabilitation, self-structural health monitoring, self-vibration damping, self-cleaning and self-healing are studied. The objective of this study is to review the role of nanotechnology in civil engineering applications. The result of the research paper was

In(5) this paper they are the studied the important of the nanotechnology & Nano construction material in civil engineering. At the nanoscale, familiar materials can have dramatically different properties: changes can affect colour, elasticity, strength, conductivity, and other properties. The use of coatings made from nanotechnology helps improve fire-resistance, corrosion protection, insulation, and countless other applications.

In(6) this paper they are studied the better alternative for metal & other conventional material for the oil & gas pipelines. Therefore, nanocomposites promise new applications in many fields such as mechanically-reinforced lightweight components, non-linear optics, battery cathodes and ionics, nanowires, battery cathodes, nanowires, sensors and numerous other systems.

In(7) this review paper offers a comprehensive discussion on technology, modeling, characterization, processing, manufacturing, applications, and health/safety concerns for polymer nanocomposites. Hence, this review offers a brifely discussion on technology, modeling, characterization, processing, manufacturing, applications, and health/safety concerns for polymer nanocomposites.

In(8) this paper the nanomaterials used in structural engineering. They are present the use of nanomaterials in structural engineering in different areas including mechanical and electrical properties as well as problems referring to durability.

In(9) this paper they are studied to the self-sensing concrete nanocomposite material for smart structure & construction material. The research work present in literature gives the idea about the growing interest of the scientific community about self-sensing cementitious materials with conductive nanofillers. highway infrastructure .The investigation of about nanoscience and different nanoparticles potential points of interest of Nano silica, smaller scale silica, carbon nanotubes, Nano TiO2, Nano phosphorus and their execution in transportation field are shown in this paper. This paper focuses on the advancement of important nanotechnology and its effect on roadway designing practice is presented for widening vision and inspiring the creativity of highway engineering keeping in viewpoint safety, durability, financial aspects and maintainability of the transportation framework of India is considered.

In(11) this paper they are studied on the nano material used in construction engineering . This review paper on the sustainable usage of nano based materials like carbon nanotube, electrochromic windows, nanoclays, sandvik nanoflex™, nanowires, titanium dioxide, nanoceramic coating, nanocrystalline materials, nanosilica, nanocomposites, MMFX2 steel, nanometals, nanofibres, nanomyte™ mend MW, nanocement, which could be used for providing singular or multiple functions of potential reinforcement, corrosion resistance, insulation, fire protection, temperature resistance, reducing air conditioning loads, pollution control, UV ray absorption, lighting, when used as a part of building materials.

In(12) this paper they are studied Nanotechnology for Architecture, Innovation and Eco-Efficiency of Nanostructured Cement-Based Materials. The specific focus on the characteristics and potential applications of nanostructured cement-based materials is intended to reaffirm the need to develop an adequate level of knowledge internal to architectural disciplines on nanotechnology-related innovations, starting from the prominent role that cement and concrete plays in the construction industry.

In(13) this paper they are studied the Nanotechnology in Repair and Protection of Structures. This paper was help to aware the most recent progress in this important of the field such as construction industry.It also helps in health of humans and then environment.

In(14) this paper they are studied on use of Nanotechnology in Civil Engineeering. it was use as thermal insulationswhich leads to efficient use for air conditioning

In(15) they are studied the structural behaviour on nano composite material( Cu0.5Ni0.5Fe2O3) by applying simple laboratory method and output was analyzed to make sure it conformed to the required using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray Fluorescence (XRF). They added to cement mortar as a replacement percentage of cement weight and the compressive strength was evaluated at the age of 7 and 28 days and they determine optimum ratio of nano particles. The ratio is 0.055 % of cement weight.

In(16) this paper they are studied on influence of silica based carbon nano tube composites in concrete.the shrinkage of the concrete mix was increased but after 28 days the compressive strength was start to decreasing. They were observed that the addition of silica fumes to CNT-cement composites has no significant increase in mechanical strength and durability. But during the study it was observed that the addition of silica fumes make the concrete more impermeable.

In(17) they are studied on the rise husk-polymer matrix . From results we had seen that the crystalline of nanocomposite decreases with increase in wt% of Rise Husk.

In(18) Carbon tubes have incredible strength and fascinating electronic properties which is to ready to overtake fullerenes in the race to the technological marketplace. This paper are basically discusses about the Carbon Nano tubes and platelets, techniques for manufacturing, properties and recent advances in this segment. Unique structure, topology and dimensions of carbon nanotubes have created a superb all-carbon material, which can be considered as the most perfect fiber that has ever been fabricated. The strength and flexibility of carbon nanotubes makes them of potential use in controlling other nanoscale structures, which suggests they will have an important role in nanotechnology engineering.

In(21) this paper summarizes information ON the mechanical & durability properties of cementitious systems containing a fine glass powder. It is shown

for non-standard cement & this material, consequently contributing to sustainability.

In(22) this paper the effect of CNTs on an asphalt binder is highly dependent on the properties of the base bitumen and the type of CNTs being used. The most difficult process in the case of bitumen modification with CNTs is the homogenous dispersion of CNTs.

In(23) this paper they are studied Optimization of Carbon Nanotube Content of Asphalt Nanocomposites with Regard to Resistance to Permanent Deformation.paper presents the results of the development of asphalt nanocomposites containing carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with high resistance to permanent deformation, aiming to increase the performance of asphalt surfaces in relation to the rutting problem. The reduction in the sensitivity to temperature is greater with an increase in the CNT content incorporated. The complex shear modulus increased and the phase angle decreased at high temperatures with the addition of CNTs.

The objective of study nanotechnology and nanomaterials is to review the application of it in Civil Engineering. The primarily goal of all such materials should be environment friendliness secondarily they should be durable and cost effective ,thirdly they should address the space shortage, fourthly they should have adequate strength to cater the natural and manmade calamities. Expected benefites from nanocomposites include improvement in modulus, flexural strength, heat distortion temperature, barrier properties and other benefits. Currently the most active research areas are dealing with the cement and concrete. Improvement of mechanical properties & durability of cementitious materials is mostly obtained by their nanostructure modification that is the incorporation of nanomaterials into cement matrix. In particular cement-matrix composite materials are capable of diagnosing their own state of strain & tension could be originated by addition of specific conductive nanofillers. It is already possible to identify in certain types of nanostructured materials a significant response to the need of reducing the environment impacts of industrial processes in the construction field. The use of nanomatrial in composition of some material such as cement will result in significant reduction of carbon dioxide pollution. Nanomaterial effect on roadway designing practice is presented for widening vision & inspiring the creativity of Highway Engineering. Keeping in viewpoint safety, durability financial maintenance costs, resistance to moisture are some of the advantages of using asphalt containing nanoparticles. In general nanomaterials provide reinforcing efficiency because of their high aspect ratios. The self-healing polymer could be specially applicable to fix the micro cracking in bridge piers and columns but it requires costly epoxy injection.

As a future engineer we would like to be able to do research on finding new materials to help create stronger, better, longer lasting buildings and structures. In general, the unique combination of the nanomaterial‘s characteristics, such as size, mechanical properties, and low concentrations necessary to effect change in a polymermatrix, coupled with the advanced characterization and simulation techniques now available, have generated much interest in the field of nanocomposites. Current efforts in the field of nanotechnology are focused on the fabrication, characterization and use of these materials on a nanoscale domain. This leads to most of the development work focusing on very small quantities of material that is typically far removed from the type of quantities required for typical construction infrastructure. The development of environmentally friendly, non-foil and better packaging materials can reduce the amount of solid waste, improve package manufacturing capabilities, and reduce the overall logistics burden to users.

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Department of Civil Engineering, PAH Solapur University, India