A Review on Nanocomposite Material for Building Construction

I. INTRODUCTION

Nanoscale assembler able to build a copy of itself and other items of arbitrary complex with atomic control. The manipulation of matter on an atomic, molecular and supramolecular scale is called as Nanotechnology.[1][15] In simple words, using very small particles to create new large scale materials is called as nanotechnology. Nanomaterials in concrete would be Nano- silica, Nano-clay and Nano-composites The particles are used either by themselves only or by manipulation.[7] Nanoparticles are materials at nanometric scale that range from 1 to 100 nm (Fahlman, 2011) and which can be nanopowders, nanowires, nanotubes, nanohorns, nanocrystals, nanopores, nanofilms, nanomembranes, nanofibers, etc.[1][4]. A Nanocomposite material is constituted by a matrix and a reinforcement consisting of fibers. The matrix itself comprises a resin and filler.[6] High degree of reinforcement is observed in the particle size range of 100 nm and below.[9] Nanotechnological exceptional characteristics of self-cleaning, self-repairing mechanisms in construction.[14][16]. The government has played a pioneering role in promoting nanotechnology R&D in India. It has taken many initiatives to foster and promote R&D in India through several of its departments. Many schemes/programmes have been launched for infrastructure and human resource development.[10]. The nanotechnology revolution experienced in the last few years had a huge impact on various science fields (chemistry, engineering, biology), also affecting the construction industry.[11] On the bases of their engineering applications, nanocomposites can be classified either, Nanocomposites are mainly classified into two main categories are as follows : 1. Polymer: polymers/ceramic nanocomposite, inorganic or organic polymer nanocomposite, inorganic or o inorganic or organic hybrid nanocomposite, polymer /layered silicate, polymer nanocomposite, biocomposite. 2. Non Polymer: metal/ metal nanocomposite, metal/ceramic nanocomposite, ceramic/ceramic nanocomposite.[12]s Ag, zinc oxide (ZnO), copper oxide (CuO), cerium dioxide (CeO2), titanium dioxide (TiO2), iron oxide (FeO), fullerenes, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and a small number of others remain the most widely

Ceramic Matrix Nanocomposites (CMNC); Metal Matrix Nanocomposites (MMNC) and Polymer Matrix Nanocomposites (PMNC).[13] Most popularly, nanocomposites are prepared by the process within in situ growth and polymerization of biopolymer and inorganic matrix. With the rapid estimated demand of these striking potentially advanced materials, make them very much useful in various industries ranging from small scale too large to very large manufacturing units.[5] In architecture and construction industry, nanotechnology applications range from the improvement of the traditional mechanical properties of concrete, anti-corrosive protection for reinforcing steel, of materials and products such as paints, sealants and glass (to make them repellent to bacteria and other noxious biological agents) to the improvement of thermal and pyro-resistant properties of materials, to name a few.[2][12]. These include products that are for: coating, Improved pipe joining materials and techniques, Better properties of cementitious materials, Reduced thermal transfer rate of fire retardant and insulation, Increased sound absorption of acoustic absorber, Increased reflectivity of glass, water repellents, nano-clay filled polymers, self-disinfecting surfaces, UV light protector, air cleaners, nano-sized sensors, and solar cells.[3]

In [1] Nanotechnology is the key that allows construction and building materials to replicate the features of natural systems improved until perfection during millions of years. This paper reviews current knowledge about nanotechnology and nanomaterials used by the construction industry. It covers the nanoscale analysis of Portland cement hydration products, the use of nanoparticles to increase the strength and durability of cimentitious composites, the photocatalytic capacity of nanomaterials and also nanotoxicity risks.. Nanoscale analysis of Portland cement hydration products will allow more durable binders but the question related to when that will happen is not clear. The fact that nanoparticles are not cost-efficient prevents their commercial applications in a near future. Silverio Hernández Moreno(2017) In [2], on the basis of a review of scientific literature from the architect‘s standpoint. The applications divide and classify mainly according to the use of strengths of Portland-based concrete adding nanomaterials: improvement of reinforcing steel‘s corrosion and deterioration resistance adding nanomaterials. It is concluded that improvement to such materials by means of nanocomposites will depend on a number of situations such as: design, amounts, characterization and assessment of construction materials in relation to components and construction systems; weather and degradation conditions that affect materials; conditions of use and maintenance that affect the materials, procedures and quality in the production and construction of the components and materials.

In [4], Nanotechnology is a revolutionary vector of technology development. It concerns the management of matter at the nanometer-scale (one billion times smaller than a meter). Its potentialities have changed the perspectives, expectations and abilities to manipulate the material world. Several technological areas have been largely affected, from chemistry to physics or electronics to mechanics. The construction industry has been given increasing attention to the investigation and use of nanomaterials, which justified this work. It is the expectation of the research community that a new generation of structures with enhanced mechanical and durability properties can be achieved with the use of nanomaterials. Considering all the aspects combined, some future routes and developments

In [6], nanocomposites can be based on a metal oxide matrix in which the filler is also metal oxide nanoparticles, nanowires, etc. The process can prepare highly metastable structures such as amorphous alloys and nanocomposite structures with high flexibility. Materials prepared by this method were used in a gas-sensing application. For example, it was found that sensors based on Fe2O3 (Sn, Ti, Zr) nanocomposites prepared this way showed improved sensitivity to ethanol and hydrocarbons.

the advancement and development of new nanomaterials, they still have positive and negative effects both on the environment and on human beings. Since the shape, size and composition of nanoparticles can have both significant effects on their function and possible risks to human health, extensive research is needed to fully understand their synthesis, characterization, and possible toxicity.

In[10], Nanotechnology has been heralded as a revolutionary technology by many scholars worldwide. Being an enabling technology, it has the potential to open up new vistas in the field of R&D in various multiple disciplines and have wide domain of sectoral applications, ranging from healthcare/medicines, electronics, textiles, agriculture, construction, water treatment, and food processing to cosmetics.

In[12], The objective of this paper is to presents the review and uses of nanotechnology in Civil Engineering. The paper also includes applications and properties with which construction materials

nano-level to improve their performance. Structures made at nano-level will definitely change the new era of construction as there are fast and durable results with lesser effort. Briefly, it can be understood that nanotechnology is very beneficial to many fields specially Civil Engineering. Vast amount of enhancement can be applied to many construction materials to improve their quality and solve many issues related to Civil Engineering. Ujwal Prabhakar Nandekar, Rupal Rautdesai (2019) In[13], Research has proven that with the help of nanotechnology we can improve the environmental quality of building. It is pertinent to note that various encouraging advancements prevail which can actually not only reduce the cost but also improve the service life and life cycle of construction infrastructure. Seeing huge benefit of incorporation of nanotechnology in all/ any kind of field, product, processes etc. for developmental purposes may bring challenges/ difficulties related to environment, health, safety risks, ethical and social issues, market adoptability and consumer approach. Sajad Hussain Din1, M. A. Shah2, N. A. Sheikh1, M. Mursaleen Butt(2019) In[14], Nanocomposites are high performance materials which reveal rare properties. Nanocomposites have an estimated annual growth rate of 25% and fastest demand to be in engineering plastics and elastomers. Therefore, nanocomposites are appropriate materials to meet the developing demands arising from scientific and technologic advances. Processing methods for different types of nanocomposites.

In[15], Nanotechnology is not simply working at ever-smaller dimensions; rather, working at the nanoscale enables scientists to utilize the unique physical, chemical, mechanical, and optical properties of materials that naturally occur at that scale. Of particular relevance for concrete is the greatly increased surface area of particles at the nanoscale. As the surface area per mass of a material increases, a greater amount of the material can come into contact with surrounding materials, thus affecting reactivity.

Nanotechnology is one of the most active research area that include civil engineering &construction various properties with different nanomaterials. It includes nanoscale analysis of different properties of cement like hydration, increase strength & durability of cementitious composites. Improvements of reinforcing steels corrosion &deterioration resistance adding nanomaterials. The high degree of reinforcement is observed in particle size ranges of 100nm &below. Nanocomposites, a high performance material exhibit unusual property combinations and unique design possibilities. It focuses on the most effective nanoadditives that readily improve concrete properties such as 1) Nanosillica &silica fumes 2) Nano titanium dioxide 3) Iron oxide 4) Chromium oxide 5) Nanoclay 6) CaCO3 7) Al2O3. 8) carbonnanotubes 9. Graphemeoxide the construction industry has been given increasing attention to the investigation &use of nanomaterials which justify work. It is expectation of research community that a new generation of structures with enhanced mechanical & durability properties can be achieved with use of nanomaterials. The possible consequences regarding its practicality and the most challenging economic factors concerned are discussed briefly. Finally its future trends &potential towards more economical, sustainable & eco-friendly infrastructure having longer durability are explained.

Closing gap between laboratory achievements and the real world suitability is the biggest challenge. Impact of nanotechnology on the commercial market has been influenced mainly by less awareness in industry. It needs excessive focus on locally available nanomaterials. The wide range of properties that makes nanomaterials so useful, like size, shape &surface characteristics. It campaigns, marketing, promoting the use of nanomaterials with their benefits and their applications.

[1] F Pacheco-togal Said Jalali (2010), nanotechnology: advantages and drawbacks in the field of construction and building materials, volume -25 pages: 582-590. [2] Silverio hernández moreno, Sara cristina solache, (2017), applications of nanocomposites in architecture and construction, volume-11, pages: 63-75. [3] Ali Akbar firoozi, Mohd raihan taha, Ali asghar firoozi (2014), nanotechnology in civil engineering, journal-EJGE, volume-19, pages-4673-4682. [4] Prof. Nuno miguel rosa pereira Silvestre, prof. Jorge manuel caliço lopes de brito (2015), nanotechnology in construction: towards structural applications, journal-european journal of envirnmental and civil engineering, volume-20, pages-455-485. [5] Mausumi Sen (2012) nanocomposite materials, amity institute of applied sciences, amity university, noida, uttar pradesh, India 2012. [6] Shivani Pandya (2013), nanocomposites and its application-review, journnal- international journal of pharmaceutical science and research, volume-4, pages 19-28. [7] N. Silvestre (2015) review on concrete nanotechnology, journal-european journal of envirnmental and civil engineering, volume-20, pages-455-485. [8] Amra Bratovcic (2019), different applications of nanomaterials and their impact on the environment, SSRG international journal of material science and engineering (IJMSE) - volume 5, 2019. [9] Mrinal Bhattachary (2016), Polymer nanocomposites- a comparison between carbon nanotubes, graphene, and clay as nanofillers, journal-materials, volume-9, pages-262. [10] Amit Kumar (2014), Nanotechnology development in india: an overview, IOSR journal of applied physics, pages-40. [12] V. Kartik Ganesh (2012), Nanotechnology in civil engineering, journal-European scientific journal, volume-8, 2012. [13] Arbaz Rahmany (2019), nanotechnology and nanotech materials in civil engineering.‖ International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) ISSN: 2278-0181, Vol. 8 Issue 06. [14] Ujwal Prabhakar Nandekar, Rupal RautdesaI; nanotechnology innovations in construction industry and environmental sustainability, International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE) ISSN: 2278-3075, Volume-8, Issue-11S. [15] Sajad Hussain din (2019), nano-composites and their applications: a review, journal-characterization and application of nanomaterials, volume-2. [16] Bjorn Birgissonanal, K. Mukhopadhyay, Georgene Geary, Mohammad Khan, Konstantin Sobolev (2012), nanotechnology in concrete materials, journal-transportation research circular, E-C170.

Civil Engineering Department, P. A. H. Solapur University, Solapur, India