An Analysis of the Anti-Mycobacterial Activity of some Medicinal Plants

Plants that have been used to treat sickness for millennia have a good chance of keeping up with demand. Both the raw and prepared forms have found considerable success. Due to its abundance of medicinal plants and long history of using herbal medicine, India stands out as a site for those seeking treatment for a wide range of disorders. As a consequence, it makes sense to integrate recent scientific findings into conventional knowledge. Amazingly, many common plants have beneficial effects when used medicinally. About 70,000 plant species have been employed historically for their medicinal benefits. It is possible to synthesise or isolate conventional drugs from plants. More over five thousand traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) are derived from plants, and over two thousand Ayurvedic physicians believe that particular plant species have therapeutic properties. Even though entire plants are seldom used, over 500 herbs are still included into traditional treatment.

Donfack, et al., (2019) This research sought to assess the antimycobacterial efficacy of plants extracted using organic solvents from plants chosen for their ethnobotanical value. The Resazurin Microtiter Assay was used to assess the in vitro viability of

Mycobacterium bovisBacille Calmette Guerin (BCG), Mycobacterium TB, and Mycobacterium ulcerans. Human lung fibroblast cells (MRC5) and bone marrow- derived macrophages were tested for MTS tetrazolium's cytotoxicity (BMDM). BMDM infected with M. smegmatis was used to assess the most promising Annickiachlorantha stem bark extract (ACsbI) for

smegmatis. 19 Cameroonian medicinal herbs were used to yield sixty crude extracts, 19 fractions, and two refined compounds. The interface fractions from the stem bark and stem of A. chlorantha, respectively, exhibited Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) of 1.95 and 7.81 g/ml and showed the highest activity against M. ulcerans as a result. The results also showed that crude extracts mostly inhibited BCG. At dosages of 3.9 g/ml and 62.5 g/ml, respectively, two compounds (SJfr 3.6 and SJfr 4.5) produced from Sorindeiajuglandifolia

smegmatis growth while being safe for MRC5 cells and BMDM. The findings of this study support the traditional uses of these herbs and the necessity for more investigation into them to find viable substitutes for the present antimycobacterial medications. Nguta, et al., (2016) There were five distinct medicinal plants studied for their crude extracts' cytotoxicity and antimycobacterial properties. Microplate alamar blue assay (MABA) was used to examine antimycobacterial activity, while the CellTiter 96s AQueous Assay was used to examine cytotoxicity. For cytotoxicity tests, a novel tetrazolium chemical known as CellTiter 96s is used. The correlation coefficients were used to compare the efficiency of crude extracts against pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains of Mycobacterium TB subsp. tuberculosis. The minimal inhibitory concentration results demonstrated that crude extracts were effective against all three mycobacterial strains. To combat M. tuberculosis strain H37Ra (ATCCs 156.3 mg/mL. (Solanaceae). There was a wide range of cytotoxicity across the extracts, although the leaves of S. torvum were the most selective. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra strain was the most accurate predictor of success against the virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis subsp. tuberculosis. Conclusions from this study support the use of certain medicinal plants in the treatment of tuberculosis. To battle drug-sensitive and drug-resistant forms of Mycobacterium TB, further research into Solanum torvum leaves is required. Abuzeid, et al., (2014) In this research, 50 ethanolic extracts from various parts of 46 chosen medicinal plants—which have historically been used in Sudan to treat infectious diseases—were evaluated for their antimycobacterial capabilities. After the plants were harvested, ethanolic extracts were created. Hydrophilic and hydrophobic solvent fractionation were used for different extracts. The growth of mycobacteria in primary human macrophages and broth cultures was assessed using a luminometry-based test in the presence or absence of plant extracts and extract fractions, respectively. Additionally, it was established whether or not the active plant extract fractions were cytotoxic. An avirulent strain of Mycobacterium TB was significantly inhibited by three of the tested extracts at the initial screening concentrations (125 and 6.25 g/ml) (H37Ra). Leaf extract from Rosmarinus officinalis L. and leaf and bark extract from Khaya senegalensis were also used. Additional fractions of these plant extracts were able to continue to function in the presence of the solvents n-hexane, chloroform, ethanol acetate, n-butanol, and water. Additional research was conducted since it was shown that the

senegalensis was not hazardous to human monocyte- derived macrophages and other cell types at the levels used. Further research on the Khaya senegalensis bark's chloroform percentage is required in light of these findings.

remove any lingering dust. These cleaned leaves were air dried at room temperature, out of direct sunshine. After the leaves had dried completely, they were powdered, measured, and stored at room temperature.

The Standard for Comparison Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra (MTCC 300) and Mycobacterium avium (MTCC 1723) culture strains were obtained from the Microbial Type Culture Collection and Gene Bank (MTCC), a national institute funded jointly by the Department of Biotechnology (DBT) and the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Government of India.

In accordance with the standard operating procedures (SOPs) provided by MTCC, IMTECH, and ATCC Guidelines, lyophilized strains were revived in L-J Medium and Middlebrook 7H9 broth medium.

Comparison of Mycobacterium tuberculosis means growth and % inhibition in extract-containing and extract-free controls after being kept at 37 degrees Celsius for 42 days, the slants L-J were measured. Both the water and ethanol extracts of the medicinal plants were shown to inhibit the growth of the M. tuberculosis standard strain. M. tuberculosis was inhibited by both water and alcoholic extracts of the plant's Lantana camara, Ocimum sanctum, Aloe vera, and Acacia senegal. The anti-mycobacterial properties of Ocimum sanctum were tested on Mycobacterium tuberculosis. With 2%, 4%, and 6% concentrations of extract in LJ medium, the percentage of inhibition was 19, 40, and 62 for water extract and 28, 57, and 69 for alcoholic extracts, respectively. Lantana camara water extract showed 13, 31, and 48 percent inhibition in 2%, 4%, and 6% LJ medium, whereas Lantana camara ethanol extract showed 19, 44, and 56 percent inhibition in the same concentrations. There was anti-mycobacterial action in Acacia Senegal against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Water extract showed 19%, 31%, and 40% inhibition at 2%, 4%, and 6% in the medium, whereas alcohol extract showed 28%, 40%, and 48% inhibition at the same concentrations. Both the water and alcohol extracts of Ocimum sanctum showed much higher levels of anti-mycobacterial activity than those of any other plant tested. All plants benefited more from an alcoholic extract than a water one. in extract-containing and control samples After 21 days of incubation at 37°C, the slants L-J were measured. All plant extracts tested, whether dissolved in water or ethanol, inhibited M. avium isolates. Inhibitory action against M. avium was seen in all four plants. Water Extract of Lantana camara showed 40%, 52%, and 63% inhibition in 2%, 4%, and 6% extract containing medium, whereas Alcoholic Extract showed 47%, 59%, and 67% inhibition in the same conditions. Using 2%, 4%, and 6% concentrations of extract-containing LJ medium, we found that Ocimum sanctum exhibited anti-mycobacterial activity. The percentage of inhibition was 45, 61, and 71 for the water extract and 59, 68, and 75 for the alcoholic extracts, respectively. Additionally, anti-mycobacterial efficacy against M. avium was observed in Acacia senegal. The percentages of inhibition in water extract-containing mediums at 2%, 4%, and 6% were 20, 33, and 40, whereas those in alcoholic extract-containing media were 26, 40, and 47. The proportion of M. avium growth inhibited by 2%, 4%, and 6% LJ medium containing pure Aloe vera gel was 20, 26, and 33%, respectively. Both the water and alcohol extracts of Ocimum sanctum showed much higher levels of anti-mycobacterial activity than those of any other plant tested. All plants benefited more from the alcoholic extract than the water extract. Plant extracts tested for anti-mycobacterial activity in Lowenstein-Jensen (L-J) medium.

DISC DIFFUSION METHOD FOR DETERMINING ANTI-MICROBIAL ACTIVITY IN AQUEOUS AND ORGANIC EXTRACTS

Acacia arabica Extract Acacia arabica's aqueous and organic extracts significantly reduced the growth of Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae was the target of the most activity, whereas Escherichia coli was the target of the least activity. The anti-bacterial activity in different extracts was found decreasing in the following order aqueous > chloroform > acetone > anti-bacterial action. Table contains the zone of inhibition data for Acacia arabica. All of the strains were significantly inhibited by the aqueous extract of Acacia arabica.

Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Proteus vulgaris, Bacillus cereus, and Staphylococcus aureus were the bacteria employed, and their concentrations were 40, 30, 20, 10, and 5 mg/ml, respectively. Values are expressed as mean standard deviation (n = 3).

Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus cerevisiae, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus were utilised at concentrations of 40, 30, 20, 10, and 5 mg/ml, respectively. These numbers represent the mean SD (n=3).

The effectiveness of the plant extracts against various bacterial strains was evaluated in comparison to dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) and conventional antibiotics as positive and negative controls, respectively. When plant extracts were tested for their ability to kill bacteria and compared to antibiotics, it was shown that Emblica officinalis, Acacia arabica, and Lawsonia inermis extracts had strong anti-bacterial activity and had zones of inhibition that were comparable to those of conventional antibiotics. Table provides the zone of inhibition of common antibiotics and dimethyl sulfoxide as a harmful control.

Amoxicillin, Penicillin G, Tetracycline, and Streptomycin are the antibacterial medications that are

(A) Myristica fragrans methanolic extract (JMI) 40, 30, 20, 10 and 5 mg/ml; Acacia arabica acetone extract (KA) 5 mg/ml. (B) Ricinus communismethanolic extract (AMI) 40, 30, 20 and 10 mg/ml; Acacia arabica aqueous extract (KW) 40, 30 and 20 mg/ml (C) Acacia arabica methanolic extract (KMI) 40, 30, 20, 10 and 5 mg/ml; Lawsonia inermis ethyl acetate extract (METH) 40 mg/ml (D) Lawsonia inermis ethyl acetate extract (METH) 30 mg/ml, 20, 10, 5 mg/ml; Lawsonia inermis methanolic extract (MMI) 40 and 5 mg/ml.

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Research Scholar, Shri Krishna University, Chhatarpur M.P.