India US Relation During Modi 2.O

New Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi has shocked many by calling for warmer ties with the United States. As early as before he became president, predictions of doom were being made. Bilateral relations deteriorated and various latent Indian animosities against the US surfaced less than six months ago, with the arrest of DevyaniKhobragade, India's deputy consul-general in New York. However sad it was for both nations, many people in Washington had already begun making their list of grievances. Festivities around the historic nuclear deal were greatly tempered by the enactment of the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act, India's nuclear liability legislation, in 2010. The fact that the Indian Air Force's multi-role combat aircraft competition ultimately went to the French Rafale instead of an American fighter only served to rub salt in the wound. The United Progressive Alliance (UPA) administration's second term in New Delhi was a major setback for improving relations between the two countries. As international discussions, such as the Doha trade talks, approached a crucial juncture in the last months of President George W. Bush's tenure, former Indian Prime Minister ManMohan Singh was increasingly isolated within his party and administration.[1] Given India's rising importance and influence in international affairs and the widespread belief that a stronger and more prosperous democratic India is good for the United States, Congress and three separate U.S. Administrations have taken steps to broaden and deepen America's engagement with New Delhi. Such an amicable resolution follows decades of animosity due to the Cold War. Washington and New Delhi's "strategic cooperation" was founded in 2005 and includes extensive defense trade and large-scale cooperative military exercises. The United States and India reestablished the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue ("Quad") with Japan and Australia in 2020, making it a centerpiece of the American Indo-Pacific Strategy.

In his first official foreign trip as prime minister, Modi traveled to the United States to meet Barack Obama. Including Obama's historic visit to New Delhi as the principal guest at India's Republic Day festivities in January 2015, the two presidents of state had met four times by the end of the year 2016. Modi's predecessors Narashima Rao, A. B. Vajpayee, and Manmohan Singh each only held one bilateral summit with their American counterparts in their first two years in office, making Modi's string of encounters unprecedented. High-level communication has been renewed thanks to the regular meetings between top officials.[2] The two leaders' renewed focus on the summits as a means to fix their strained relationship is telling. If Obama has called India a "indispensable partner," Modi has often emphasized the need of bolstering bilateral ties with the US. As part of his official visit to the United States in September 2014, President Xi Jinping and President Barack Obama wrote an editorial in the Washington Post in which they declared themselves "global partners" and said their relationship will come to define the twenty-first century. While visiting the United States again in to Modi's personable approach to diplomacy. Regardless of the atmosphere, Modi's foreign policy has always shown a clear determination that different hurdles that have hindered the route toward better Indo-American ties must be addressed.[3]

High-level visits to India and exchanges with the United States have expanded considerably in recent years. During his time in the United States from September 26th to the 30th, 2014, Prime Minister Narendra Modi met with President Barack Obama, members of Congress, and other national and state, and local political figures. He reached out to members of the Indian diaspora, as well as the Indian-American community, American business and industry leaders, civic society, and think tanks. The U.S.-India strategic partnership is founded on mutually held values, including a commitment to democracy and a recognition of the legitimacy of the international order. The United States and India both have an interest in increasing global commerce, investment, and connectivity to increase global security and stability as well as economic success.[4]

Numerous high-ranking delegates went and came in 2015. Secretary of State John Kerry represented the United States at the Vibrant Gujarat Summit in Ahmedabad, India, in January. During his April trip to India, U.S. Transportation Secretary Anthony Foxx met with their counterparts in the transportation sector. Ashton Carter, a former secretary of defence, visited India for bilateral talks in June. The Indian Minister for Finance and the Indian Minister of State (MOS) for Environment, Forests, and Climate Change both met in Washington, DC in April. Both groups attended their respective major economic forums; the former attended the IMF/World Bank Spring Meeting. In an effort to drum up foreign investment, India's finance minister visited the United States for a second time in June. In September, the Foreign Minister and Commerce and Industry Minister met with their U.S. counterparts in Washington, DC for the inaugural round of the Strategic and Commercial Dialogue. On September in the nation's capital, the Minister of State for Power and his American counterpart held their annual Energy Dialogue. The Minister of Power, Coal, and New and Renewable Energy attended Secretary of State John Kerry's Climate and Clean Energy Investment Forum 2015 in October in Washington, DC. The ninth Trade Policy Forum was held in October in Washington, DC, and was co-hosted by the Office of the United States Trade Representative and the Ministry of Commerce and Industry. To meet with his American counterpart, Raksha Mantri traveled to the United States in December 2015.[5]

Foreign Office Consultations between the Indian Foreign Secretary and the United States Undersecretary for Political Affairs. Since April 2015, the Foreign Ministry and the Government of India have met in New Delhi for consultations. In September 2015, the Foreign Secretary of India and the Deputy Secretary of State of the United States established a High-Level Consultation. both in New Delhi in December 2015 and in Washington, DC in July 2016. In addition, since September 2015, the two have been holding a Policy Planning Dialogue.

The bilateral agreement on cooperation in the field of civil nuclear technology was negotiated between July 2007 and October 2008. In September 2014, during Prime Minister Modi's visit to the United States, a Contact Group was formed to handle any remaining issues and assure the timely and successful implementation of the India-United States Civil Nuclear Cooperation Agreement. Together with the Indian government, Westinghouse has commenced pre-construction on six AP 1000 reactors after working together on civil nuclear challenges for ten years.Contract talks between Westinghouse and Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd are nearing completion, and any outstanding issues have been brought to light for resolution.[6]

The military cooperation between India and the United States has evolved significantly since the signing of the "New Framework for India-U.S. Defense Relations" in 2005. As a result, there has been an increase in cooperation over marine security and anti-piracy efforts, as well as in the trading of military equipment, the staging of joint exercises, the interchange of persons, and the exchange of personnel between all three services. In June of 2015, the Defense Framework Agreement was revised and extended for another decade. As a result of increased collaboration between the two nations, they currently conduct more joint military exercises than any other country. In July and August of 2016, an Indian Naval Frigate participated in the Rim of the Pacific exercise for the second time. During the previous year, agreements were signed for the Fuel Exchange Agreement, Information Exchange Annexe on Aircraft Carrier Technologies, Technical Agreement on Information Exchange on White Shipping, and Logistics Exchange Memorandum of Association.

Progress has been achieved in the areas of intelligence sharing, information exchange, operational coordination, and the creation and implementation of anti-terrorist tools. To further

While President Obama was in India in November of 2010, the two nations agreed to create a Homeland Security Dialogue to increase cooperation in areas such as operational cooperation, capacity development, and the transfer of technologies for use in fighting terrorism. This dialogue has taken place twice, in May 2011 and May 2013, with six working groups enabling collaboration across a range of fields. New Delhi hosted a meeting between Indian and American police chiefs in December 2013 to explore bilateral concerns. The police commissioners of four major cities in India visited the United States in November 2015 on a research trip to observe the effectiveness of American policing strategies in densely populated places. The parties have agreed on a joint action plan to eradicate the IED threat. There was an agreement made in June of 2016 to improve anti-terrorism cooperation between India and the United States by increasing the speed with which terrorist screening information is shared between the two nations via their respective authorized contact points. The fourteenth meeting of the India-United States Joint Working Group on Counter-Terrorism was held in Washington, DC in July 2016.[7]

From 2014's $104 billion, trade between India and the US reached $114 billion in 2016. Over $66.7 billion worth of products were traded between the two nations in the last year. Indian exports to the US reached $46.2 billion, while imports from the US totaled just $21.7 billion. In 2017, the value of trade in services between India and the United States was $47.2 billion. As of 2017, it is predicted that India sent $26.8 billion in service exports to the US and imported $20.3 billion in service from the US. The two governments are committed to taking the necessary measures to double the current level of bilateral trade to $1 billion. Indications for a rise in the value of bilateral trade in 2017 are encouraging. In comparison to the same period in 2016, trade between the two nations climbed by 5% to $17.2 billion. This consists of $11.4 billion in exports to the US and $5.8 billion in imports from the US. The trade deficit decreased from $6.4 billion in 2016 to $5.6 billion in 2017, covering the same time. Agreement was reached to raise bilateral trade in products and services to $500 billion during the Prime Minister's visit to the United States in September 2014. In June of 2016, they came to an agreement to research new approaches to lowering trade barriers and encouraging more people to get involved in global supply chains, Prime Minister Modi and President Obama hoped to boost economic development and job creation in both nations.

Since October 2005, when the United States and India signed an agreement to cooperate in the fields of between India and the United States on science and technology is co-chaired by the White House science advisor and the Indian minister of science and technology. At the 2014 Technology Summit in New Delhi, the United States participated as a partner country.[8] To foster constructive contacts in the fields of science, technology, engineering, and medicine, the governments of India and the United States established the India-U.S. Science & Technology Forum in the year 2000. As part of its mission, the Indo-U.S. Science and Technology Forum has sponsored more than 250 bilateral seminars, established more than 30 collaborative research facilities, and conducted more than 12,000 meetings between Indian and American academics during the last decade. U.S.-India The Board of the Science and Technology in the United States and the Government of India created the Science and Technology Endowment Fund to encourage activities in science and technology in both nations.the commercialization of cutting-edge technologies that have been developed in partnership and have the potential to improve the quality of life for people around the world. The Ministry of Earth Sciences and the United States' National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration formalised their longstanding partnership with the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding on Earth Observations and Earth Sciences in 2008. At the National Centers for Environmental Prediction in the United States, they have what they call a "monsoon desk" to track and report on these storms. This includes both the LIGO Laboratory and the Indian Initiative for Gravitational Observations. in the United States and the United States' support of India's $250 million donation to the Thirty-Meter Telescope Project in Hawaii are examples of international cooperation in the construction of cutting-edge research facilities.[9]

In international organizations like the United Nations and the Group of Twenty, India and the United States work closely together.The United States was happy when India was elected to serve a two-year term on the United Nations Security Council starting in 2021. The United States favors a reformed United Nations Security Council that includes India as a permanent member. India is an OECD member, an ASEAN dialogue partner, and an OAS observer. When the United States and India get together with Australia and Japan as members of the Quad, they do so to further the cause of free and open commerce in the Indo-Pacific. One hundred students from the United States, Australia, India, and Japan will be sent to the United States in June 2022 as part of the first Quad Fellows initiative, which will enable Prosperity to improve economic connectivity and equality in the region. India is one of the 12 countries. Both nations are members of the Indian Ocean Rim Association, thus diplomatic talks are proceeding between them. The United States became a member of the International Solar Alliance in 2021, and India serves as the organization's permanent co-chair of the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure. Samantha Power, administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, will serve as co-chair of the Governing Council beginning in 2022.[10]

As was the case in 1984 after the conclusion of the general elections in India, a minority party won the 2014 election and formed a minority government without the support of a majority party. On May 26, 2014, Narendra Modi, the head of the BharatiyaJanata Party, was elected as India's fourteenth prime minister. Modi's political campaign stood out from the crowd because of its exclusive concentration on three main goals: to make India a corruption-free nation, to standardize the Indian economy, and to improve the living conditions of the average Indian. At the same time, he tries to have little effect on India's foreign policy, in particular its connections with the rest of the world. Although he had just won a historic election, he nonetheless made an effort to improve relations with nearby nations and many others throughout the globe. India's foreign policy under his direction went from being relatively unremarkable to a sweeping diplomatic effort that encompasses countries of all sizes throughout the continent and the hemisphere. To put it another way, since becoming India's parliament leader, Modi has focused almost all of his effort and resources on the country's foreign policy. Indian nationals, his fans, and government spokespeople have all asserted that Prime Minister Modi is breathing fresh life into India's international relations in his first year in office. Modi's global outreach, apart from social media and the regime of political order, actually needs to be praised as dignified as his local base. At first, Modi's plans for how India should handle its international relations may be tucked away from public view. Later, as he put his ideas into reality, he became more outspoken in the media's interface, where they were widely publicized. It's safe to say that Modi's brand of foreign policy will take on a new shape as a result of the way he carries himself and the strategies he employs. Consequently, Modi's 'Shining India' mantra has had a significant impact on India's foreign policy as the country strives to become a global superpower. [11]

On September 24, 2014, Modi made his first journey to the United States as India's prime minister. His tour (which translates to "Forward, together, we go"), which lays out a detailed plan for the future of the India-US alliance. Presently, discussions on India's influence in the United States focus mostly on the many facets of their relationship, especially the recent developments that have arisen. To address a wide range of areas where the two countries may work together, Modi and Obama signed a strategic partnership. The two presidents spoke about their shared aim to achieve universal, verifiable, and nondiscriminatory nuclear disarmament as well as technological, security, and counter-terrorism activities that may benefit both countries. In addition, this promise necessitates a fresh start in their monetary trade since the present. In the middle of this, on the Indian side, Narendra Modi met with some influential US business leaders to encourage them to increase their FDI in India. On the other hand, they both made efforts to restore their closeness and mutual interest in advancing cooperation and equality via the promotion of democratic ideals and a shared commitment to addressing bilateral, regional, and international concerns. In Washington, Obama and Modi signed a deal establishing a collaboration between the Export-Import Bank and the Indian Energy Agency. It is true that the key goal of Modi's first visit with the Obama administration is to turn the relationship into a trustworthy partner in the twenty-first century via a common vision for the future.

Modi planned to return to the United States for the 70th UNGA General Assembly meeting after waiting a full year to do so. The leaders of the three other G-4 countries Brazil, Japan, and Germany met with Modi during his visit. The head of these four nations said that the United Nations Security Council has not seen any significant changes since 2005. By contributing to the realization of the UN charter's purpose and ideals, the leaders of the G-4 nations have staked a claim to a seat on the Security Council. In addition to this, the Modi government has prioritized the "Digital Transformation and Technology Tie" with the United States. For Modi, "The Silicon Valley" conference was an arduous experience that draws focus to India's digital market efficiency in dealing with the outside globe. While speaking here, he focused on explaining how digital innovation and Indian ingenuity are helping to streamline funding for a more reliable, open, and accountable government. They've gone into detail on the industrial and infrastructure sectors, as well as the availability of investment in India. [12]

The defense relationship between India and the United States has never been a priority for either country. It continued business as usual, much like

blame for this miscommunication centers on how each side views the defense issue. However, the United States has received a lot of praise for its cutting-edge hybrid and effective defense system technology. To strengthen its deference cooperative collaboration with the United States, India has been cautious in this area. Nonetheless, since 2005, when two governments agreed to a 10-year framework of defense cooperation, there has been a noticeable tightening of the defense system. With the Modi administration in power, however, defense cooperation has once again become an important part of India's international relations. The Indian Defense Ministry is actively seeking closer coordination with the United States. However, on June 7th, 2016, the United States and India renegotiated their joint agreement, this time placing special emphasis on their shared concerns about nuclear power, national security, and climate change. However, the defense pact was one of their most active focal areas, with the United States recognizing India as a "Major Defence Partner" and the two countries working together to provide India with technical assistance so that they may become closer friends and partners. When it comes to defense-related deals and technology transfers, India has now positioned herself on par with America's closest ally, making this a significant step forward in Indo-American ties. The Indo-US defense alliance can be an anchor of stability, Obama and Modi agreed, and it would be a steady progression to increase cooperation in the defense industry. J. Jaishankar, India's foreign secretary, says that from now on, his country will act "as to like of intimate friend or collaborator of the US," which has resulted in "better, productive, quick technological opening on the defensive section and also normatively additional access to the conflictual side." This bilateral agreement has the beneficial effect of giving India a fresh chance to update its license and get access to a wide range of US defense technology.

In June of 2017, at the Washington Summit, it was proposed that the United States and India have their first ever 2+2 Dialogue. Therefore, on September 6th and 7th, 2018, India convened the first-ever Indo-US 2+2 discussions. Both the Indian Foreign Minister, NirmalaSitaraman, and the Defense Minister, Shusama Swaraj, have met with their American counterparts, Michael Pompe and James Mattis, respectively. These two high-level ministerial meetings might be called to address the whole range of problems related to Iran's growth, including security, strategy, defense, the economy, commerce, and, most importantly, oil imports. The Logistic Exchange Memorandum of Agreement came very near to becoming completely functional, which would have restored India's superior military capability. The Communications and Information Security Memoranda of Agreement (CISMOA) law, which regulates the between the United States' Military Innovation Units and India's Defense Innovation Organization, Innovate for Defense, in order to attain new levels of quality and uniformity in defence innovation. A pact between the United States Central Command's naval forces and the Indian navy to increase cooperation in the Western Indian Ocean was also emphasised.[13]

The rise of Modi has been marked by India's diplomatic approach, its internal quality, and his generally cordial demeanour with many world leaders. There would be both positive and negative aspects to a close relationship between India and the United States. Despite this, under Modi's leadership, Indo-American relations have reached a new high point. The formal assignment of Modi's position as Prime Minister also allows for a more thorough examination of the Indo-American relationship. When it comes to the state of Indo-American ties, there is a collection of variables that attempts to maintain order. The United States and India have had a fruitful relationship ever since India gained independence; both countries are democracies among the world's oldest and biggest. As a result, the primary manifestation of their connections was the alteration of democratic norms and ideals, as well as the unity and diversity of people both within and beyond the globe.

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B.A, M.A Political Science Net Qualified in Political Science