Philosophical Underpinnings of Nature

Poetry: Wordsworthian Romanticism vs.

Frostian Realism

Rajib Kumar Jha1*, Dr. Durga Nanad Jha2

1 Research Scholar, CMJ University, Jorabat, Meghalaya

2 Associate Professor, Political Science, CMJ University, Jorabat, Meghalaya

Abstract - One of the first things that we are going to do is examine historical literature that

must be kept in mind. Several features of Nepal-Indian relations may be traced back to a time

before the contemporary nation-state was established. In order to demonstrate how India has

violated Nepal's independence and sovereignty from a neocolonial point of view, we provide

the facts. The process of globalization has brought forth challenges, hazards, and

uncertainties in relation to the movement of people, products, and money. As a consequence

of this, border governance between states has been established, which necessitates the aid of

surrounding countries in the development of border management systems. Within the context

of the "practice turn" in international relations (IR), this qualitative research investigated the

ways in which conduct influences social reality. Over the course of this historical period, the

open border that divided India and Nepal was the primary focus of the inquiry. The findings of

concentrated primarily on the subject of border governance for the boundaries that separate

Nepal and India.

Keyword - philosophical, underpinnings, nature, poetry

INTRODUCTION

Nepal in Licchavi era, (c. 450–c. 750 CE) had a very close relation with India as Licchivs originated in

Vaishali of India and captured the kingdom by displacing the Kiratis .They used Sanskrit as a court

language, and issued Indian-style coins. During this period close ties to India was maintained. The

Lichhvi Rulers had economic and political relations with Tibet and Nepal was developed a cultural

centre linking central and southern Asia. The era ended with the founding of the Thakuri dynasty by

Ansuvarma in the mid-8th century. The Malla Dynasty was the ruling dynasty of Kathmandu

treaty between Nepal and the East India company was signed on 1st March, 1792. It was a treaty of

commerce. In 1801, another treaty was signed which envisaged the appointment of vakils by the two

powers at each other's courts. Both these treaties had been signed by Nepal under special

circumstances, namely the Chinese. Tibetan invasion in 1791-92. Both of these treaties were never

executed.(1)

After the Anglo-Nepalese War of 1814–1816, Nepal had generally maintained a peaceful stance with

the East-India company. The friendship between the two countries reached its pinnacle during the

reign of Jang Bahadur Rana. During the Sepoy upraising of 1857, Nepal also involved in favor of the

East India Company. After 1860 Nepal permitted the recruitment of Nepalese youths for Gurkha units

in the British Indian Army and also accepted British “guidance” on foreign policy; in exchange, the

governing position in the country.(2)

Towards A Regulated Indo-Nepal Border

India and Nepal share a border that is accessible to the public. Individuals from both nations are

permitted to enter the territory of the other at any point along the border, while the flow of goods is

permitted along a total of 22 approved transit points. There have been a number of factors that have

contributed to the formation and maintenance of such an open border, including geographical

constraints and historical trends in both nations. Over the course of several centuries, the unfettered

movement of people over the border has resulted in the establishment of deeply rooted sociocultural

connections between the people of the two nations. Because of these links, there has been an

increase in the degree of economic interdependence as well as political bonding.(3) On the other

their desire to either completely shut down the border or strictly regulate it. Taking into consideration

the unique connection that exists between the two nations, a more appropriate strategy would be to

smooth out these kinks and implement efficient measures in order to effectively manage the border.(4)

India's Stake In 1989 And 2015 Trade Blockades

As a result of Nepal's geopolitical status, which is landlocked, the country is strongly dependent on

India for the provision of commerce and transit infrastructure. On the other hand, on account of the

absence of a modus vivendi, Nepal is forced to regularly deal with difficulties in its commercial

dealings with India.(5) It was in the late 1980s when India stopped one of the 21 trade routes and

thirteen of the fifteen transit routes that passed via India. This was the lowest point in the relationship

between India and Nepal. In addition to this, the connections to the port of Kolkata, which was the

attempt to establish a system of work permits for Indian citizens who were employed in Nepal. Nepal

made a purchase of armaments from China in 1988, and both of these actions caused India to feel

aggrieved. In accordance with the treaty that was signed in 1950, India argued that Nepal had to have

conferred with India before to acquiring the armaments. In response to this, Nepal claimed that the

constitutional provisions of the Treaty only required consultation in the event that the armaments were

brought through India. The embargo, which lasted over thirteen months, had a disastrous impact on

the economy of Nepal.(7)

The year 2015 saw Nepal confront yet another trade embargo imposed by India. Due to the timing of

the blockage, it was considered to be one of the worst in the history of Nepal. This blockage took

place a few of months after an earthquake with a magnitude of 0.8 rocked the central region of Nepal

on April 25, 2015, resulting in the deaths of nine thousand people. The predicament that Nepal was

already in became even more dire when the impoverished nation and its people were confronted with

1. To discuss historical development of Nepal's foreign relation with India; different bilateral

2. Evaluate the social, cultural, religious, geo-political, and economic diplomatic relations.

Cross-Border Criminal, Terrorist, And Insurgent Transport

A border that is open makes it simple for terrorists and militants to escape the country. In the late

1980s, terrorists from Kashmir and the Sikh community were able to enter India through Nepal. This

was possible since the border between India and Pakistan was guarded, which made it impossible for

terrorists to cross it. In following years, other insurgent organizations from the north-east region of

India, including the United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA), the National Democratic Front of

eastern region of India are the goals of this terrorist organization.'18' In recent years, it has been

alleged that various terrorists who were engaged in multiple bomb bombings in the nation had

infiltrated via the weak and poorly patrolled border between India and Nepal.(9)

In the course of the Maoist insurgency that took place in Nepal, it was stated that Maoists frequently

fled into India while they were being followed by Nepalese security forces at the time. Within the state

of Bihar, the districts of East and West Champaran, as well as Sirohi, were notably visited by Maoists,

mostly for the purpose of seeking medical assistance and lodging. Since Maoist rebels have chosen

to become a part of the administration in Nepal, it is likely that they have stopped running into India,

which was a pattern that had been occurring previously.(10)

Regrettably, the threat posed by Maoists has recently shown itself in a different form in the border

Throughout the years, unrestricted migration has resulted in the formation of territorial enclaves that

are mostly inhabited by individuals who are originally from the other nation. It has been estimated by

the government that there are around 2.2 million Nepalese residents now living in India.28, a

Estimates that are not officially sanctioned place the number at roughly 6 million. Generally speaking,

Nepalese people travel to India in the hope of finding better work prospects. In Nepal, there are three

distinct sorts of movements going on. The first group consists of those who visit on a regular basis in

order to purchase items for their own personal use. Generally speaking, this kind of mobility is

restricted to the border region. The second kind of migrants is known as seasonal migrants, and they

often migrate to India in search of employment during the off-seasons for agricultural production. The

third category of migrants includes those who go to India for an extended period of time and often

make their home there. (12)

When it came to the second and third instances, migrants dispersed themselves not just to

neighboring regions but also further away from the border.29. Over the past several years, there has

been a rise in the number of Nepalese people migrating to India. This is mostly attributable to the

escalation of the Maoist activity, which has resulted in risks to their livelihood and security.30 % The

total impact of such migration, in extreme circumstances, is the clamor for a "homeland," as was seen

Social & Cultural Relation

The friendship that exists between India and Nepal is not the only kind of relationship that exists

the message that Lord Buddha propagated across India, despite the fact that he was born in Nepal. It

was one of King Asoka's daughters who had traveled to Nepal in order to spread Buddhism. She

eventually married a Kshatriya and made her home in the vicinity of Kathmandu. Gorkha was

governed by the ancestors of the Shah Dynasty of Nepal, who had also originated from Chittoor at

some point during the fifteenth century. Their spiritual leader was Saint Gorakhnath. The Queen

Mothers both come from a wealthy Zamindar family that is from the state of Uttar Pradesh. The

marriages of all three of King Mahendra's sisters took place inside the Indian princely dynasties of

Poonch, Sikar, and Mayurbhanj. In recent years, the Maharaja of Gwalior has tied the knot with the

built on the rock-solid foundations of a shared purpose and objective. I have been told quite frequently

by friends in Kathmandu that Nepal's cooperation should not be taken for granted; rather, it should be

carefully nurtured and cultivated. This is something that I have been told rather frequently. In the same

placed a high priority on preserving a balanced relationship with these two countries in order to

protect the country's national interests, integrity, and independence. Nepal has maintained a warm

and cordial relationship with China, although its relationship with India has been both friendly and

hostile. In reality, Nepal has observed these relations. The 'One China Policy' is something that Nepal

is steadfastly dedicated to, and it had just signed the 'One Belt One Road' initiative. Nepal also

including Kankarbhitta – Naxalbadi, Biratnagar – Jogbani, Nirganj – Raxaul, Belahiya – Sunauli,

Nepalganj – Rupaidiha, and Mahendranagar – Banbasa.(19)

Panchayat. On the other hand, King believed that the ideological connection between the Nepali

Congress and the Indian government and the sour relationship had formed. In 1990, as part of the

effort to restore democracy, a 12-point agreement was reached in Delhi between seven parties and

components in the process of putting into action an open border arrangement that safeguards

REFERENCES