The Evolving Role of Pharmacy: Technology Integration and
Patient-Centered Care
Taghreed Ghazi Alhomoud1*, Dareen Nasser
Alshammari2, Hetaf Ahmed Almoaibed3, Ghadah Ayash Zeed
Alotaibi4, Nawaf Naif Alharbi5
1 Pharmacist, Prince Sultan Military Medical City,
Riyadh, KSA
Tagrid.alhomoud@
2 Pharmacist, Prince Sultan Military Medical
City, Riyadh, KSA
3 Pharmacy technician, Prince Sultan Military Medical
City, Riyadh, KSA
4 Pharmacist, Prince Sultan Military Medical
City, Riyadh, KSA
5 PSMMC, Pharmacy
Technician,Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh KSA
Abstract : It is now more common than ever before
for pharmacists to be engaged in patient-centered care and the optimization of
healthcare systems. This is a significant change from the traditional role of
pharmacists, which has been substantially altered. Thanks to technical
improvements such as electronic health records (EHRs), telepharmacy, and
digital health technologies, pharmacists are now able to engage in a variety of
areas, including the administration of medications for treatment, the
monitoring of chronic illnesses, the stewardship of antimicrobials, and public
health initiatives. According to the most recent studies, interventions led by
pharmacists not only enhance clinical outcomes, such as the control of
hyperglycemia and blood pressure, but also improve medication safety,
adherence, healthcare costs, and access to treatment, particularly for
disadvantaged populations. Pharmacists provide major contributions to
multidisciplinary healthcare teams in a variety of areas, including treatment
planning, patient education, and preventive care. When digital technology and
patient contact tools are utilized together, there is a greater likelihood that
patients will get tailored therapy and continue with the prescribed course of
action. A pharmacy curriculum that is always evolving and places a priority on
clinical skills, multidisciplinary cooperation, and patient-centered
competencies is necessary in order to adequately prepare pharmacists for the
additional tasks that they will be expected to fulfill. The fact that all of
these developments have occurred demonstrates how essential pharmacists are to
the future of patient-centered care, improved healthcare outcomes, and more
efficient operational systems.
Keywords:
Pharmacist-led interventions, Patient-centered care, Tele pharmacy, Medication therapy
management, Chronic disease management, Antimicrobial stewardship, Digital health,
healthcare outcomes
INTRODUCTION
Over the course of the
last several decades, the healthcare system has seen significant
transformations as a result of alterations in healthcare policy, the
introduction of new technology, and the shifts in patient demographics. In this
constantly shifting environment, pharmacists have evolved into indispensable
participants in the healthcare industry. They are now responsible for more than
simply the distribution of pharmaceuticals; they are also accountable for all
aspects of patient care. As the number of people living with chronic diseases
continues to rise and the population continues to age, there is an immediate
and pressing need for efficient medication management and patient education.
Health conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular issues are
included in this category.
When it comes to
redefining the roles that pharmacists play in the healthcare industry, research
has shown that when they collaborate with other professionals from other
fields, patients experience improved health outcomes, fewer readmissions to the
hospital, and greater levels of patient satisfaction [1]. In addition,
technological improvements such as telehealth services and electronic health
records (EHRs) have made it easier for healthcare professionals to communicate
with one another and work together, which has resulted in a rise in the tasks
that pharmacists are responsible for. With the advent of modern pharmacology,
pharmacists are now able to do more tasks than ever before, including the
evaluation of patient data included in electronic health records, the
management of pharmacological treatment, one-on-one consultations with
patients, and the creation of tailored plans for pharmacotherapy. As a result
of these advancements, pharmacists are now able to proactively recognize
medication-related difficulties and change treatment regimens, which will
ultimately lead to an improvement in therapeutic efficacy and safety [2].
The field of
pharmacogenomics is also expanding, which means that pharmacists may utilize
the genetic information of their patients to develop one-of-a-kind
pharmaceutical regimens that take into consideration the specific
characteristics of each individual while also minimizing the likelihood of
adverse effects. One of the most significant elements that is influencing the
growth of pharmacy practice is the regulatory environment, which is always
changing. As a result of changes in law and efforts made by professionals to
campaign for their interests, pharmacists now have greater authority in the
administration of treatment and the prescription of medications. This is
because pharmacists have been recognized as experts in pharmaceutical therapy.
In the areas of providing vaccinations, managing chronic illnesses, and
treating drug use problems, pharmacists are playing a significant role in
shaping preventive care and public health initiatives.
This change is
particularly visible in the regions where they are providing these services.
The movement toward value-based care [3] further emphasizes the significance of
pharmacist participation in patient management. This is because healthcare
systems are working to improve their cost efficiency and place a greater
emphasis on outcomes than on the amount of services they provide. Adding
patient-centered care techniques, interprofessional training, and clinical
decision-making are some of the improvements that have been made to the
curriculum of the pharmacy program in order to satisfy the requirements of
these new roles. Modern Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) programs are designed to
generate graduates who are well-equipped to work in multidisciplinary
healthcare teams. This is accomplished by putting a focus on practical
experience and communication with real patients.
This paradigm shift is
necessary in order to meet the aspirations of patients and to address public
health concerns such as increasing medication adherence and improving health
literacy [4]. These changing trends bring to light the reality that the
obligations of pharmacists extend much beyond those of traditional pharmacists.
As a result of their contributions to the management of acute care, the
prevention of sickness, and the promotion of health, they have developed into
very important participants in the delivery of healthcare. Pharmacists have the
ability to enhance health outcomes and affect how pharmacy is seen as a key
component of healthcare [5]. They may do this by actively engaging in efforts
that are focused on the patient and by creating collaboration among healthcare
professionals. This study will look into these developments and innovations in
order to get a better understanding of how they are impacting health systems
and patient outcomes. Additionally, it will shed light on the duties that
pharmacists now have and will have in the future with regard to patient care
[6].
OBJECTIVES
1.
To
investigate how technology integration affects clinical outcomes and
pharmacist-led, patient-centered care.
2.
To
investigate how pharmacists' responsibilities in chronic illness treatment,
medication management, and public health activities are changing.
METHOD
In this comprehensive
assessment, which was carried out in a methodical and multi-stage procedure,
the best practices for narrative and integrative reviews were adhered to. A
number of well-known scientific databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed,
Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase, were combed through in order to extract the
relevant literature. The search was carried out between the years 2016 and 2025
in order to include the most recent information on the shifting clinical roles
of pharmacists. The following terms were used in the search: "pharmacist
clinical role," "pharmacist interventions," "medication
management," "patient-centered care," "antimicrobial
stewardship pharmacist," "community pharmacy,"
"telepharmacy," "pharmacist chronic disease management,"
"precision medicine pharmacist," and "pharmacist-led
services." In order to filter the results, Boolean operators (AND/OR) were
used.
Inclusion criteria
were:
·
English-language
peer-reviewed publications
·
Highlight
the clinical or patient-centered responsibilities of pharmacists
·
Research
assessing the results of treatments guided by pharmacists
·
Qualitative
research, cohort studies, randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, and
meta-analyses
Exclusion criteria
were:
·
Letters,
editorials, and commentary
·
Research
that has no direct bearing on the duties of clinical pharmacists
·
Unless
they are historically noteworthy, articles published before to 2016
As part of the
data extraction process, we looked for overarching themes, including:
•
Optimizing
medication
•
Management
of chronic illnesses
•
Stewardship
of antimicrobial agents
•
Vaccination
and public health
•
Digital
innovation and telepharmacies
•
Pharmacists
working in interdisciplinary groups
•
Obstacles
and enablers of role growth
Both the quality of the evidence and the consistency of the findings were
taken into consideration, as was the manner in which each issue linked to the
changes that are now taking place in the healthcare system. An focus is placed
in the review on synthesised trends and comparative findings in order to bring
attention to new responsibilities, gaps, and opportunities for further
research.
RESULT
A compilation of the
findings from research that was carried out by pharmacists between the years
2016 and 2025 to investigate the therapeutic effects of various therapies is
presented in this part. There is a strong body of research suggesting that pharmacists
should play an ever-increasing role in patient-centered healthcare systems.
This would have a favorable impact on therapeutic outcomes, pharmaceutical
safety, healthcare use, and the overall performance of their respective
systems. The information is presented in a way that is thematic in order to
highlight the fact that different therapeutic areas have different effects. It
has been shown that the clinical outcomes of programs designed to treat chronic
illnesses are consistently improved when pharmacists are engaged in patient
care rather than solely physician or nurse involvement. When it comes to the
management of diabetes, meta-analyses have shown that treatments provided by
pharmacists, such as medication titration and lifestyle counseling, lead to
decreases in HbA1c that range from 0.8-1.2%, which are clinically meaningful
[7].
This decrease is
related with a significant reduction in the number of microvascular and
macrovascular issues that occur over the course of time. It is also important
to remember that hypertension treatment clinics that are staffed by pharmacists
often reduce systolic blood pressure by 7-12 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure
by 3-5 mmHg [8]. These improvements may be attributed to the adjustment of the
antihypertensive regimen, increase in adherence, and consistent monitoring
measures. It has been shown that pharmacists have a high proportion of success
in treating dyslipidemia and fulfilling LDL-cholesterol targets, particularly
when they are permitted to do so under joint practice agreements. It is
estimated that as many as 78% of patients whose care is monitored by
pharmacists are able to accomplish their LDL targets, which is much higher than
the 52% of patients who receive conventional therapy. Patients suffering from
asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can benefit greatly
from the participation of pharmacists in treatment regimens.
Patients who were
taught the proper method for using an inhaler by pharmacists saw a fifty to
seventy percent improvement in accuracy, which resulted in fewer exacerbations
and visits to the emergency department [9]. When it comes to the data that
supports the engagement of pharmacists, the safety of pharmaceuticals is among
the most compelling. Pharmacists are crucial when it comes to identifying
medication-related problems (MRPs), preventing adverse drug events (ADEs), and
ensuring that high-risk medications are administered in a safe manner.
Research indicates that
pharmacists often discover two to three MRPs in each patient, with as much as
thirty to forty percent of them being deemed high-risk. The medications that
are used in the treatment of anticoagulant therapy, opioids, insulin, and
chemotherapy are particularly susceptible to medication errors. Hospital-based
interventions have the potential to decrease the number of medication errors by
as much as sixty percent. When medication reconciliation is led by pharmacists
during care transitions, discrepancies are decreased in half, and 30-day
readmission rates are lowered in half or more [10]. When patients with renal or
hepatic impairment are being treated, pharmacists assist in preventing dose
errors in order to guarantee that therapeutic modifications are made safely.
Table 1.
An overview of the key clinical areas of interventions led by pharmacists
|
Clinical
Domain |
Key
Activities |
Impact
on Outcomes |
|
Medication
Therapy Management |
Medication
review, interaction checks, therapy optimization |
Reduced
errors; improved therapeutic outcomes |
|
Chronic
Disease Management |
Diabetes,
hypertension, cardiovascular care |
Better
disease control; improved adherence |
|
Antimicrobial
Stewardship |
Dose
optimization, de-escalation, guideline adherence |
Reduced
resistance; improved prescribing patterns |
|
Patient
Education |
Counseling,
lifestyle advice, adherence support |
Increased
adherence; improved quality of life |
|
Vaccination
& Prevention |
Immunization,
screenings, health promotion |
Higher
vaccine uptake; early disease detection |
|
Medication
Reconciliation |
Admission,
transfer, discharge verification |
Fewer
discrepancies; lower readmission rates |
|
Emergency
& Critical Care |
Rapid
decision support, monitoring, dosing |
Fewer
adverse events; improved protocol adherence |
|
Telepharmacy
& Digital Health |
Remote
care, digital monitoring, e-prescribing |
Expanded
access; efficient care delivery |
Within the context of
antimicrobial stewardship activities, the significance of pharmacists has been
extensively explored and verified. It has been shown via research that when AMS
activities are co-led by pharmacists:
•
The
number of inappropriate antibiotic prescriptions drops by 25–35%.
•
The
usage of broad-spectrum antibiotics drops by 15% to 30%.
•
The
average length of hospital stay is shortened by 1.3 days.
•
Rates
of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) drop dramatically, perhaps by as much
as 20%.
The knowledge and expertise of pharmacists in areas such as therapeutic
drug level monitoring, antibiotic dose, de-escalation, and transition programs
from intravenous to oral administration are at the core of these improvements.
The integration of pharmacists and antimicrobial therapy teams in hospitals
results in improved infection control outcomes. This is due to the fact that
antimicrobial treatment may be altered more quickly in response to the findings
of culture.
When pharmacists are responsible for patient education and adherence
monitoring, positive impacts have been shown on a consistent basis across a
wide range of demographics. A twenty to forty percent increase in adherence may
be achieved by the use of treatments such as motivational interviewing,
follow-up counseling, and medication synchronization. The effect of this is
amplified by telepharmacy and other mobile health applications, which digitally
monitor patients' adherence to their medication regimens. Teleconsultations
with pharmacists may result in a number of positive outcomes, including
improved illness management, fewer drug gaps, and more patient engagement [11].
These increases in adherence have a significant impact on clinical outcomes, hospitalization
rates, and patient satisfaction, among other things. Based on the findings of
economic research, it has been shown that treatments provided by pharmacists
give a significant return on investment (ROI) as well as substantially reduced
costs.
Several studies
demonstrate:
·
Why
For every $1 spent in pharmacist-led MTM, $4–$7 is saved.
·
A
20–30% decrease in avoidable hospitalizations
·
Reduced
use of emergency rooms
·
A
significant decrease in medical expenses related to prescription mistakes and
adverse drug events
The reduction of complications, the increase of adherence, and the
prevention of costly hospitalizations are all ways in which chronic illness
care may save money. Through increased antibiotic utilization and decreased
infection-related expenses, hospitals may save between $150,000 and $300,000
annually through antimicrobial stewardship programs that include pharmacists.
The bigger system goals that pharmacists contribute to include enhancing
access to treatment, reducing the strain placed on physicians, and providing
help for the management of population health. By doing follow-ups on a regular
basis, pharmacists in primary care provide physicians more time to concentrate
on more complex cases. The efficiency of clinics, the monitoring of chronic
illnesses, and the level of patient satisfaction have all been found to grow,
according to health insurance schemes. In neglected and rural regions,
telepharmacy has the potential to increase the availability of pharmacological
therapy by as much as sixty percent. This impact is especially significant for
older people and those who suffer from chronic conditions. The incorporation of
digital decision-support systems into clinical procedures, with the assistance
of pharmacists, has the potential to improve the accuracy of prescriptions and
reduce the amount of inappropriate medication that is used. It is possible that
pharmacists might be of assistance in intensive care units (ICUs) and emergency
departments (EDs), according to the available data.
Pharmacists:
•
Cut
ADEs from medications by as much as 30%.
•
Increase
compliance with trauma procedures and sepsis bundles.
•
Increase
the precision of high-risk drug dosage
•
Shorten
reaction times while doing resuscitation.
The therapeutic outcomes are improved when pharmacists are engaged in the
administration of antibiotics, sedation, anticoagulation, and electrolyte
management in intensive care units (ICUs). There is a possibility that the
presence of a pharmacist on the rapid response team might improve survival
rates and reduce the number of important pharmaceutical errors that occur in
life-threatening circumstances, when every second counts. It was in the
aftermath of the COVID-19 outbreak that the functions that pharmacists play in
public health were much more highlighted.
Pharmacists:
•
Greater
vaccine coverage in the community
•
Encouraged
widespread vaccination programs
•
Performed
chronic disease screening
•
Presented
programs for quitting smoking
•
Trained
the public on pharmaceutical safety and infection prevention
There is evidence that vaccination uptake improves by 18-25% when programs
are managed by pharmacists, and this is especially true in locations that are
currently experiencing a lack of resources.
Table 2.
An overview of the data supporting the effectiveness of pharmacist-led
interventions
|
Outcome
Area |
Evidence
Summary |
Measured
Impact |
|
Clinical
Outcomes |
Improved
control of diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia |
↓
HbA1c by 0.8–1.2%; ↓ SBP by 7–12 mmHg |
|
Medication
Safety |
Reduced
ADEs, MRPs, high-risk medication errors |
↓
Medication errors by up to 60% |
|
Antimicrobial
Stewardship |
Optimized
antibiotic use, reduced resistance |
↓
Inappropriate prescriptions by 25–35% |
|
Adherence
& Patient Engagement |
Enhanced
counseling, digital adherence tools |
↑
Adherence by 20–40% |
|
Economic
Impact |
Lower
costs from hospitalization and errors |
$4–$7 ROI
per $1 invested |
|
Emergency
& Critical Care |
Faster
response, fewer ADEs in ED/ICU |
↓
Medication-related errors by 30% |
|
Public
Health |
Increased
vaccination & screening |
↑ Immunization
uptake by 18–25% |
Within a healthcare
system that is always evolving, pharmacists play a crucial part in fostering
treatment that is focused on the patient. The use of the specific knowledge
that pharmacists possess in order to enhance patient outcomes, medication
management, and interdisciplinary cooperation is the essence of the future of
the pharmacy profession. The incorporation of pharmacists into
multidisciplinary healthcare teams has the potential to bring about desired
improvements. The process of care planning and patient rounds provides
pharmacists with excellent chances to put their knowledge of pharmacotherapy to
use by addressing the particular prescription regimens of patients, the
potential for medication interactions, and other considerations that are
specific to each person [12].
The pharmacist is able
to increase the position of the pharmacist as an important element of the
healthcare system and improve the success of treatment regimens by working
collaboratively towards a common goal. In addition, the use of solutions that
are enabled by technology will provide pharmacists greater autonomy in the
patient care obligations they are responsible for. Telepharmacy and other
digital health applications that enable remote consultations, pharmaceutical
treatment management, and health monitoring [13] make it possible for patients
to get the assistance they need from pharmacists in a timely manner regardless
of where they are located. In addition, pharmacists will be able to enhance treatment
adherence via the implementation of individualized patient education and
follow-up interventions, which will be made feasible by patient engagement
technologies such as reminders and mobile health applications. Through the
implementation of these advancements and the provision of more tailored
therapy, pharmacists have the potential to enhance health literacy and patient
involvement in their own care [14]. In order for pharmacists to be able to take
on these increasingly sophisticated tasks in patient-centered care, there is a
direct correlation between the advancement of pharmacy education and training.
It is essential that
educational programs have a strong focus on clinical skills, communication, and
patient engagement strategies in order to adequately train future pharmacists
to deal with the complexities of modern healthcare. Continuous professional
development programs are also necessary in order to ensure that pharmacists
remain up-to-date on the latest therapies, guidelines for sickness management,
and patient care models [15]. In addition, research would be of tremendous use
in defining and assessing the impact that pharmacists have on the outcomes of
patient care. In order to properly advocate for the increased duties of
pharmacists and payment models that respect their value in patient care, it is
essential to investigate the effectiveness of programs led by pharmacists in a
variety of settings, such as acute care hospitals and community pharmacies.
Building the evidence base will be facilitated by this. In addition to
assisting with the collection of data, the harmonization of healthcare policy
and insurance frameworks may make it possible for pharmacists to be compensated
for all of the essential services they provide [16].
DISCUSSION
This review's results
demonstrate how pharmacists have revolutionized healthcare in the contemporary
era, going beyond only distributing medication to also play an important role
in patient-centered care, clinical decision-making, and public health campaigns
[17]. There is strong evidence that treatments guided by pharmacists in the
management of chronic diseases, such as diabetes, hypertension, and
dyslipidemia, lead to better clinical results. These outcomes include lower
levels of HbA1c, blood pressure, and LDL cholesterol. These advancements show
that pharmacists may greatly improve disease control and adherence via tailored
drug treatment management, patient education, and continuing monitoring.
Ensuring medication
safety is of utmost importance to pharmacists. In hospital settings,
pharmacists may reduce medication mistakes by as much as 60% by identifying
issues, preventing adverse drug events, and ensuring the proper administration
of high-risk drugs. Integration of pharmacists into multidisciplinary healthcare
teams is further supported by pharmacist-led techniques in antimicrobial
stewardship programs, which optimize antibiotic prescription, minimize
resistance, and enhance infection-related outcomes [18]. Dosage accuracy,
protocol adherence, and prompt interventions all contribute to improved patient
safety and reduced hospital readmissions when pharmacists are involved in
transitions of care, emergency departments, and critical care settings.
Thanks to advancements
in telepharmacy, digital health apps, and electronic health records,
pharmacists are now able to consult with patients remotely, keep tabs on them
constantly, and connect with them on an individual basis. There is evidence
that digital adherence tools, mobile health apps, and teleconsultations may
improve short- and long-term results by increasing patient adherence by 20-40%.
It has been shown that telepharmacy may improve access to treatment by as much
as 60% in rural and underserved areas, suggesting that it might help eliminate
healthcare delivery inequities [19].
The cost-effectiveness
of programs led by pharmacists has been supported by economic evaluations.
Studies have shown savings of $4 to $7 for every $1 spent, as well as a
decrease in healthcare consumption, avoidable hospitalizations, and costs
overall [20]. These results demonstrate that pharmacists have a positive impact
on healthcare system sustainability and efficiency in addition to patient
outcomes.
Interprofessional
teamwork is also emphasized by the growing role of pharmacists. Pharmacists
provide invaluable knowledge in drug management and treatment optimization via
their active engagement in patient rounds, care planning, and public health
programs including screening for chronic diseases and vaccination drives [21].
Through their participation, patient-centered care models are strengthened,
health literacy is enhanced, and patients are empowered to actively manage
their own health.
In today's healthcare
system, pharmacists play a crucial role due to their incorporation into
interdisciplinary teams, proficiency with new technologies, and commitment to
ongoing professional growth [22,23]. Expanding the role of pharmacists in
clinical decision-making, increasing the use of digital health technologies,
and studying their effects on patient outcomes are all potential next steps.
The importance of pharmacists as agents of effective, efficient, and
patient-centered healthcare delivery will be further cemented by these reforms.
CONCLUSION
As time goes on, it is
becoming clearer that pharmacists play a significant role in enabling
communication between patients, physicians, and the healthcare system as a
whole. Through the integration of clinical expertise, technical resources, and
patient-centered methods, they enhance the outcomes of treatment, maintain the
safety of medications, and provide preventive care. The use of digital health
technologies and the inclusion of pharmacists into multidisciplinary care
models have the potential to multiply the effect that they have on the outcomes
of patient care and public health. It is very necessary to participate in
continual education, professional development, and research in order to keep
these obligations and ensure that they continue to increase. Consequently, this
will ensure that pharmacists continue to play an essential part in the delivery
of healthcare that is effective, of high quality, and uniquely tailored to each
patient.
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