Geographical and Literary Lineage In Te Works of Salman Rushdie

Preeti  Sharma

Geographical and Literary Lineage In Te Works of Salman Rushdie

Exploring the Multiple Loyalties and Identities in Salman Rushdie's Works

by Preeti Sharma*,

- Published in Journal of Advances and Scholarly Researches in Allied Education, E-ISSN: 2230-7540

Volume 2, Issue No. 1, Jul 2011, Pages 0 - 0 (0)

Published by: Ignited Minds Journals

ABSTRACT

Michael J. Sandel in his book entitled Democracy's Discontent: America in Search ofa Public Philosophy writes: The global media and markets that shape our livesbeckon us to a world beyond boundaries and belonging. But the civic resourceswe need to in the places and stories, memories and meanings, incidents andidentities, that situate us in the world and give our lives their moralparticularity. (349) This does not rule out global systems but posits anetwork of the global, the national and the local. In it, while weremain encumbered in our local communities we also recognize other loyalties,and negotiate our way intelligently between them. To quote Sandel again, Self government today requires a politics that playsitself out in a multiplicity of settings, from neighborhoods to nations to theworld as a whole ... The civic virtue distinctive to our time is the capacityto negotiate our way among the sometimes overlapping, sometimes conflictingobligations that claim us, and to live with the tension to which multipleloyalties give rise. (350) Salman Rushdie could be best described as havingmultiple loyalties, even multiple belongings - to India, to Britain, to theworld - rather than as having none at all. Pico Iyer, a dislocated, displaced,and deracinated man, rightly salutes his fellows when he describes Rushdie as'a connoisseur of dislocation' (148), and Michael Ondaatje as coming from afamily of' deracinated cosmopolitans' (136).

KEYWORD

geographical and literary lineage, Salman Rushdie, global media, civic resources, local communities

Aaron, Daniel. 'Fictionalizing the Past.' Partisan Review 47 (1980): 231-41. Adler, Leonore Loeb, ed. International Handbook on Gender Roles. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood, 1993. Afzal- Khan, Fawzia. 'Myth DeBunked": Genre and Ideology in Rushdie's Midnight's Children and Shame,' The Journal of Indian Writing in English, Vol. 14, January 1986, 49-60. Ahmad, Aijaz. "Rushdie's Shame: Postmodemism, Migrancy and Representation of Women." Economic and Political Weekly 15 June 1991: 1461-71. Ali, Tariq. Can Pakistan Survive? : The Death of a State. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1983. Ali, Tariq. 'Midnight's Children.' New Left Review, vol. 136 (Nov-Dec 1982), 89. Allen, Walter, Reading a Novel. Great Britain: Penguin, 1971. 18-19. Arendt's, Hannah. The Human Condition, Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1958. 33-35. Ankersniit, F R. "Historiography and Postmodemism." History and Theory 28.2 (1989): 137-53. Ashcroft, Bill, Gareth Griffiths and Helen Tiffin, eds. The Post-colonial Studies Reader. London: Routledge, 1995. Atkinson, David .W. Abstracts of English Studies 27 (Sep. 1984): 2293. Bader, Rudolph, 'Indian Tin Drum', International Fiction Review, vol. II (Summer 1984) p.76 Bakhtin, M.M. The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays. Trans. Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist. Austin: Univ of Texas Press, 1981. Ball, John Clement. "An Interview with Salman Rushdie." The Toronto South Asian Review 10.1 (1988):30-37. Rpt. Conversations with Salman Rushdie. ed.Michael Reder. Jackson: UP Mississippi, 2000.101-09. Barraclough, Geoffrey. Main Trends in History. New York: Holmes and Meir, 1977. Barnes, Harry Elmer. A History of Historical Writing. 2nd rev ed. New York: Dover Publications 1962. Barthes, Roland. "Historical Discourse." Structuralism: A Reader. Ed. Michael Lane. London: Jonathan Cape, 1970. Blaise, Clark. 'A Novel of India's Coming of Age,' The New York Times Book Review, 19 April 1981, pp.1, 18-19. Booker, M.Keith. Ed. Critical Essays on Salman Rushdie. New York: G.K.Hall,1999. Brandel, Fernand. 'The Inheritance,' French Studies in History, vol.1, ed. M. Aymard and H.Mukhia. Delhi: Orient Longman, 1988. Brat Singh, Satya. Wiebe, Paul Scott and Salman Rushdie: Historians Distanced from History. The Novels of Salman Rushdie. ed. Dhawan, RK and Taneja, GR. New Delhi: Indian Society for Commonwealth Studies, 146-156. Braudy Leo. Narrative Form in History and Fiction: Hume, Fielding, and Gibbon. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press, 1970. Brennan, Timothy. "The National Longing for Form." Nation and Narration. ed. Homi K. Bhabha London: Routledge, 1990. 44-70. Brennan, Timothy. Salman Rushdie and the Third World: Myths of the Nation. London: Macmillan, 1989. Carr.E.H. What is History? Great Britain: Penguin Books, 1961. Chakravarty, Sumita S. National Identity in Indian Popular Cinema, 1947-1987. Univ. of Texas Press, 1993. Chatterjee, Bankimchandra, "Introduction," Rajsimha, Banglya Sahitya Parishad, 26-28. Chaturvedi, Nagesh, Indian Myths In Rushdie's Midnight's Children, Language Forum 19.1,2 (Dec./Jan. 1993):173-177. Claud, Levi-Stauss. The Savage Mind. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1966. Coetzee, J.M. "Palimpsest Regained." Rev. of The Moor's Last Sigh, by Salman Rushdie. The New York Review of Books 21 Mar.1996: 14. Collingwood, R G. The Idea of History. USA: Oxford Paperbacks, 1971. Collingwood.R.G. Essays in the Philosophy of History, p.74. Craig, David. 'Lukacs' Views on How History Moulds Literature.' Georg Lukacs: The Man, His Work, and His Ideas. ed. G H R. Parkinson. New York: Vintage Books, 1970. Crane, Ralph J. Inventing India: A History of India in English-Language Fiction. London: Macmillan, 1992. Das, Bijay Kumar. Twentieth Century Literary Criticism. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers, 1998. Dhar, T N. "Micro-Macro Symbiosis: The Form of Salman Rushdie's Midnight's Children," in Journal of Indian Writing in English, Vol 13, January 1985, p.17. Dharker, Rani. An Interview with Salman Rushdie, New Quest, 42 (Nov-Dec, 1983): 351. Dhawan, R.K. "The Artist as Historian: Some New Writers." Three Contemporary Novelists. New Delhi: Classical Publishing Company, 1985. 1-32. Dilip Fernandez, 'Such Angst, Such Loneliness, Such Rootlessness,' Gentleman, Feb.1984, p. 101. Durix, Jean-Pierre. 'Magic Realism in Midnight's Children.' Commonwealth: Essays and Studies

8.1 (1985): 57-63.

Durix, Jean-Pierre. 'Salman Rushdie: Interview.' Kunapipi 4.2 (1982): 17-26. ---. "The Book of Exile." Interview with Kate Kellaway.Waterstone's Magazine 3 (Autumn

1995): 5-10.

Fanon, Franz. Black Skin, White Masks. trans. Charles Lam Markmann. New York: Grove Press 1967. Flaherty, Wendy O'. Asceticism and Eroticism in the Mythology of Shiva. London: OUP, 1973. Fleishman, Avrom. The English Historical Novel: Walter Scott to Virginia Woolf. Baltimore and London: The John Hopkins Press, 1971. Fletcher, M D. 'An Annotated Bibliography of Articles about Salman Rushdie's Fiction.' Journal of Indian Writing in English 20.l-2 (January-July 1992): 6-23. ---. 'Rushdie's Shame: Political Satire and Fantasy.' Contemporary Political Satire: Narrative Strategies in the Post- Modern Context. Lanham: Univ. Press of America, 1987. ---. ed. Reading Rushdie: Perspectives on the Fiction of Salman Rushdie. Amsterdam: Rodopi

1994.

Foote, Shelby. 'The Novelist's View of History.' Sewanee Review 99.3 (Summer 1991):439-45. Forster, EM. Howards End. New York: Random House, 1999. Foucault, Michel. Language, Counter-Memory, Practice. trans. Donald F. Bouchard & Sherry Simons. New York, Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1992. Frye, Northrop. Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays. Princeton, N.J.: Chatto and Windus, 1964. Gardiner, Juliet. Ed. What is History Today...? London: Macmillan Education, 1988. Goonetilleke, D.C.R.A. Salman Rushdie. Modem Novelists Series, Houndmills: Macmillan, 1998. Gordon Wise, "A Quiet Anger" Interview with Salman Rushdie, Gentleman: 102-103. Gorra, Michael. After Empire: Scott, Naipaul, Rushdie. Chicago & London: The University of Chicago Press, 1997. Haffenden, John. 'Salman Rushdie.' Novelists in Interview, New York: Routledge, Chapman and Hall, 1985,237. Hale, J R. ed. The Evolution of British Historiography. London: Macmillan, 1967. Hamilton, Ian. 'The First Life of Salman Rushdie,' The New Yorker, 25Dec. 1 Jan 1996. Hayward, John. ed. T.S.Eliot, Selected Prose. Penguin, 1963, 22-23. Hollington, Michael. "Salman Rushdie's Shame" Meanjin 43.3 (September 1984): 403-407. Hutcheon, Linda. 'Circling the Downspout of Empire.' Ashcroft, Bill et al., 130- 135. Hutcheon, Linda. Narcissistic Narrative: the Metafictional Paradox. London: Metheun and Co.

1980.

---. Poetics of Postmodernism: History, Theory, Fiction. New Yark and London: Routledge

1988.

---. The Politics of Postmodernism. New York: Routledge, 1989. ---. A Theory of Parody: The Teachings of Twentieth-Century Art Forms, London: Methuen

1989.

---. '''The Pastime of Past time': Fiction, History, Historiographic Metafiction." Genre 203-4 (Fall-Winter 1987): 285-305. ---. 'Imaginary Truth That Brought Salman Rushdie Fame,' The Hindustan Times, 24 March

1983.

---. Iyer, Pico. Tropical Classical: Essays from Several Directions, Knopf, New York, 1997. ---. Jaidka, Manju. "The World of Fantasy: Shame." Indian Book Chronicle, 8.22, Nov.16

(1983) 371-73.

Jameson, Frederic. "On Interpretation: Literature as a Socially Symbolic Act." The Political Unconscious: Narrative as a Socially Symbolic Act. London: Routledge, 1971. Jameson, Frederic. Postmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism. London & New York: Verso, 1991. Joshi, RK. 'It May be Long But it's Not Overwritten,' The Times of India, 1 Nov. 1981 p.8. Jussawalla Adil, 'Rushdie's Shame: Problems in Communication,' in Studies in Indian Fiction in English, Gulbarga: JIWE Pub.' 1987. Khilnani, Sunil. The Idea of India. New York: Farrar, 1997. Kinslay, David. Hindu Goddessess. London: Univ. of Cali fomi a Press, 1988. Kirpal, Viney. "Politics and Philosophy in the Great Indian Novel," Literary Criticism, 16.1,2 (JunelDec. 1990): 9-12 Kortenaar, Neil Ten. "Midnight's Children and the Allegory of History." Ariel 26(1995): 41-62. Krumholz, Linda. J. "To Understand the World Differently: Readings in Leslie Marmon Silko's Story Teller," Ariel, 251 (Jan 1994) :1-5. Lee, Alison. 'Realism and Power,' Postmoderfl British Fiction. London and New York: Routledge

1990.

Lerner, Laurence. The Frontiers of Literature. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988. Loomba, Ania. Colonialism/Postcolonialism. London: Routledge, 1998. Lukacs, Georg. The Historical Novel. trans. Hannah and Stanley Mitchell. London: Merlin Press,

1962.

Lukacs, Georg, "The Ideology of Modernism" in David Lodge, ed. 20th Century Literary Criticism: A Reader, London, 1968, 465-87. Majumdar, RC. Historiography in Modern India. Bombay: Asia Publishing House, 1970. Malvika, Rajbans Sanghvi, "You Fight to Like Where You Live," Indian Express_Magazine March 20, 1983. Marshall, Brenda K. Teaching the Postmodern: Fiction and Theory. New York and London: Routedge, 1992. Meer, Ameena. "Salman Rushdie." BOMB 27 (Spring 1989): 61-74. Rpt. Conversations with Salman Rushdie. Ed. Michael Reder. Jackson: UP Mississippi, 2000. 110-22. Mehta, P.P. Indo-Anglian Fiction An Assessment, Barreilly: Prakash Book 'Depot, 1968. Memmi, A. Dominated Man: Notes Toward a Portrait. London: Orion Press, 1968. Miller, Jordon Y. ed. The Health Introduction to Drama. Lexington, Massachusetts and Toronto: D.C.Heath and Company, 1976) "Moor," and "Palimpsest." Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed., 1978. Mukherjee, Meenakshi. ed. Rushdie's Midnight's Children-A Book of Readings, New Delhi: Pencraft International, 1999. Mukherjee, Meenakshi. "Irreverent, Exuberant and Metaphoric: Midnight's Children." Indian Book Chronicle 6.23 (Dec. 1981): 381-82. Nadeau, Raymond. "The Essence of India Captured remarkably: Midnight's Children by Salman Rushdie." Washington Post. June 28 1981. Nair, Rukhmini Bhaya. "The Voyeur's View in Midnight's Children and Shame." ACLALS Bulletin, 7th Series, 1 (1985): 57-75. Nair, Rukhmini Bhaya. "Text and Pre-Text: History as Gossip in Rushdie's Novels." Economic and Political Weekly 6 May 1989: 994-1000. Newman, Judie, "The Colonial Voice in the Motherland", Postcolonial Discourse and Cultural Contexts: Theory and Criticism, ed. Gita Rajan and Radhika Mohanram, Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1995, 47-57. Nunning, Ansgar. 'The Creative Role of Parody in Transforming Literature and Culture: An Outline of a Functionalist Approach to Postmodern Parody,' European Journal of English Studies 3:2, pp 123-137. Oomen Susan, 'Fictional Intent III Rushdie's Shame,' III The Literary Criterion, vol. 22, 1985, p

40. Pandey, Surya Nath. ed. Writing in A Post-Colonial Space, Atlantic Publishers, Delhi 1999. Parameswaran, Vma. "Autobiography as History: Saleem Sinai and India in Rushdie's Midnight's Children." Toronto South Asia Review 1 (Summer 1982): 27-34. ---. "Handcuffed to History: Salman Rushdie' s Art." Ariel 14 (Oct. 1983): 34-45 Parameswaran, Uma, The Perforated Sheet: Essays on Salman Rushdie's Art, New Delhi: Affiliated West Press Pvt. Ltd., 1988,1-89. Pathak R.S., 'History and Individual in the Novels of Rushdie,' Three Contemporary Novelists, ed R.K.Dhawan. New Delhi: Classical, 1985. Pathak, R.S. ed. by Avadesh Kumar Singh. Indian English Literature: Marginalized Voices. New Delhi: Creative Books, 2003. Pattanayak, Chandrabhanu. 'Interview with Salman Rushdie.' The Literary Criterion 18.3 (1983):

19-22.

Plots, Judith, "Rushdie's Pickle and the New Indian Historical Novel: Sealy, Singh, Tharoor and National Metaphor", WLWE 35.2 (1996): 28-48. Prasad Thakur Guru, 'The Zig-Zag Trajectory of Shame in Rushdie's Novel,' in Commonwealth Fiction. New Delhi, 1988. Price, David W. "Salman Rushdie's 'Use and Abuse of History' in Midnight's Children," ARIEL: A Review of International English Literature, 25:2 (1994), 93. Rabkin Eric S, The Fantastic in Literature. Princeton: University Press, 1976, 226-27. Rao, A.S. Myth and History in Contemporary Indian Novel in English. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers, 2000. Rao, K. Raghavendra. "The Novel as 'Chutney': Unriddling Salman Rushdie's Midnight's Children," Perspectives on Indian Fiction in English, ed. M.K. Naik. New Delhi: Abhinav, 1985

159. Rao, K.R., "Handcuffed to History: Rushdie's Narratology", The Journal of Indian Writing in English, 22.2 (July,1994): 37-40. Rao, M. Madhusudana. "Quest for Identity: A Study of the Narrative m Rushdie's Midnight's Children." Literary Criterion 25 (1990): 31-42. Reder, Michael. ed. Conversations with Salman Rushdie. USA: Univ. Press of Mississippi, 2000. Reder, Michael. "Rewriting History and Identity: The Reinvention of Mythic, Epic, and Allegory in Salman Rushdie's Midnight's Children." Critical Essays on Salman Rushdie. ed. M.Keith Booker. New York: G.K.Hall & Co., 1999.225-249. Riemenschneider, Dieter. "History and Individual in Salman Rushdie's Midnight's Children and Anita Desai's Clear Light of Day." Kunapipi, 1984 6.2:53-66. Rockwell, Joan. Fact in Fiction. "The Use of Literature in the Systematic Study of Society." London: Routledge and Kegan, 1974. Said, Edward W. Orientalism. London: Penguin, 1985. Salat, M.F., 'Making the Past Present: Shashi Tharoor's The Great Indian Novel,' Contemporary Indian fiction in English, ed. A vadhesh K.Singh, New Delhi: Creative Books, 1993, 125-34. Sandel, Michael J. Democracy's Discontent: America in Search of a Public Philosophy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996. Sangari, K. 'The Politics of the Possible,' Cultural Critique. 1987, 7: 157-86. Sen, S P. ed. History in Modern Indian Literature. Calcutta: Institute of Historical Studies, 1975. Sethi, Sunil. 'After Midnight.' India Today (Apr.15, 1983): 21-23. Shepherd Ron, "'Midnight's Children" as Fantasy,' Commonwealth Fiction, New Delhi 1988. Shohat, Ella. 'The Struggle over Representation: Casting, Coalitions, and the Politics of Identification,' Late Imperial Culture, 173. Singh, Pankaj K. The Politics of Literary Theory and Representation: Writings on Activism and Aesthetics New Delhi: Manohar, 2003.111-115. Singh, Pramod Kumar. Indian Fiction in English. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers, 2001. Singh R.A. Three Political Novelists, Bareilly: Prakash Book Depot, 1994. Singh, Sushi la, "Salman Rushdie's Midnight's Children: Rethinking the Life and Times of Modem India." Panjab University Research Bulletin (Arts) 16 (Apr.1985): 55-67. Singh Sushila, 'Shame: Salman Rushdie's Judgement on Pakistan,' in Studies in Indian Fiction in English, Gulbarga: JIWE Pub., 1987. SIemon, Stephen. 'Post Colonial Allegory and the Transformation of History' Journal of Commonwealth Literature XXII (1988):1. SIemon, Stephen, 'Modernism's Last Post,' Past the Last Post: Theorizing Post-Colonialism and Post-Modernism ed. Ian Aadam and Helen Tiffin, New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991, 1-11. Slowchower, Harry. Mythopoesis: Myth Patterns in Literary Classics. Wane Univ. Press, 1970

19-46.

Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty. 'Can the Subaltern Speak?' in Colonial Discourse! Post-Colonial Theory. New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1994. Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty. The Post-Colonial Critic: Interviews, Strategies, Dialogues. ed Sarah Harasym. London: Routledge, 1990. Srivastava, Arona, "'The Empire Writes Back': Language and History in Shame and Midnight's Children," in Ian Aadamand Helen Tiffin, ed., Past the Last Post: Theorizing Post-Colonialism and Post-Modernism. New York and London: Harvester Wheatsheaf, pp.65-78. Swann, Joseph. '''East is East and West is West?': Salman Rushdie's Midnight's Children as an Indian Novel." World Literature Written in English 26.2 (Autumn 1986): 353-62. Tariq, Rahman, 'Politics in the Novels of Salman'Rushdie', in G.R.Taneja and R.K.Dhawan (eds.), The Novels of Salman Rushdie, New Delhi: Prestige, 1992, p.111-12. Ten Kortenaar, Neil. "Midnight's Children and the Allegory of History." ARIEL 26.1 (1995): 41-

62. Thompson, Willie. Postmodernism and History: Theory and History. New York: Macmillan

2004.

Tiffin, Helen, 'Post-Colonialism, Post Modernism and the Rehabilitation of Post-Colonial History. The Journal of Commonwealth Literature 23.1 (1988): 17. Toynbee, Arnold J. A Study of History. Abridged DC Somervell. London: Oxford Univ Press

1960.

Turner, Joseph W. "The Kinds of Historical Fiction: An Essay in Definition and Methodology." Genre 12 (Fall 1979): 333-55. Walsh, W H. An Introduction to Philosophy of History. London: Hutchinson, 1951. Walsh, William. 'India and the Novel,' The New Pelican Guide to English Literature, ed. Boris Ford, Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1983. Warder, A.K. An Introduction to Indian Historiography. Bombay: Popular Prakashan, 1972. Watson-Williams, Helen. 'An Antique Land: Salman Rushdie's Shame.' Westerly 29.4 (December

1984): 37-45.

"The Question of Narrative In Contemporary Historical theory." History and Theory 23 (1984): 1-

33. Waugh, Patricia. Metafiction: Theory and practice of Self-Conscious Fiction. London and New York: Metheun and Co. Ltd., 1984. White, Jolm J., Mythology in the Modern Novel: A study of the Pre-jiguartive Techniques Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987, 194. White, Hayden. Metahistory: The Historical Imagination in Nineteenth Century Europe. 1973 Baltimore and London: The John Hopkins Univ Press, 1975. The Content of Form: Narrative Discourse and Historical Representation. Baltimore and London: The John Hopkins Univ Press, 1987. 'The Question of Narrative In Contemporary Historical Theory.' History and Theory 23 (1984): 1-

33. Tropics of Discourse: Essays in Cultural Criticism. Baltimore and London: The John Hopkins Univ. Press, 1982. Williams, Raymond. Marxism and Literature, Oxford: OUP, 192-3. Wilson Keith, 'Midnight's Children and Reader Responsibility,' in Critical Quarterly, vo1.26 No.3, Autumn 1984: 23-37. Worsley, Peter. The Third World. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1964. Yule, Colonel Henry & A. C. Burnell. Hobson-Jobson: A Glossary of Colloquial Anglo- Indian Words and Phrases, and of Kindred Terms, Etymological, Historical, Geographical and Discursive. 1886. New ed. 1902. ed. William Crooke. New Delhi: Rupa, 1994. Zaman, Niaz, Firdous Azim and Shawkat Hussain, eds. Colonial and Post-Colonial Encounters New Delhi: The Univ. Press Ltd., 2000.

Internet

Cundy, Catherine. Contemporary World Writers. Salman Rushdie. The Hindu. Sunday, Feb 02 2003. 11April 2005.