A Study of Air Pollution In Two Cities of Haryana

With an area of 44212 sq.km Haryana has Shivalik hills in north and river Yamuna in the east. The aravalli range acts as Haryana’s south western boundary and runs through its Gurgaon region. The river Ghaggar provides a kind boundary in the west of the state. Haryana is divided into 19 districts. Out of which 2 cities Gurgaon,Hisar were selected for the pollution monitoring. Air pollution of city.The anthropogenic activities are the major causes for air pollution. MATERIAL AND METHODS:-Keeping in view the objective for air quality monitoring suitable number of sampling stations were selected.Attemps were made to assess criteria pollutants such as SPM,RPM,NO2&SO2. SELECTION OF SAMPLING STATIONS:-The sampling site must be located in a way that the collected samples represent air that is breathed by exposed population. DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLING STATION:-For air quality monitoring of Haryana 2 cities Hisar&Gurgaon.were selected. and both cities were divided into four areas. Residential area where the population density was more Civil hospital High vehicular traffic area, where the maximum number of vehicles were crossing. Industrial areas

For monitoring RPM(PM10),TSP,SO2,NO2 Envirotech make High Volume Respirable Dust Sampler, Model APM 460 with APM-411 Gaseous Sampling Attachment has been used.

Procedure given in Indian Standard Institution Publication IS: 5182: partII(1969),PartVI(1975),PartIV(1973) have been followed and efforts were made to generate most accurate data.

The APM-460 Respirable Dust Sampler has cyclone. this cyclone has been designed provide separation of 120 micron particals.As the air enter s the cyclone, coarse non respirable dust is separated from the air by centrifugation forces. these suspended particulates fall in cyclone cups. fine dust forming the respirable fraction passes through cyclone gets collected on glass filter paper.

Respirable dust concentration was determined gravimetrically using Whatman filter paper.

Each filter paper was exposed to sources of light and was inspected for imperfections. Filter paper were kept in oven at 95-100C for 3 hours. After drying filter paper were removed from oven and kept in desiccators for 3 hour and were allowed to cool. Each filter paper was weighed and was kept in flat box with out folding.

The fiter paper was mounted on the filter adoptor assembly the sampler was switched on. Allowed the manometer flow to stabilized for a min.Initial time totalizer reading was noted.initial manometer flow was removed and kept.

Filter paper was conditioned and final weight of filter paper was determined.

Mass concentration of respirable particulate matter(RPM): RPM(µg/m³)=(Wf-Wi)×10 6/ Va. Mass concentration of non respirable particulate matter NRPM(µg/m³)=(CCf-CCi)multiply by 10 raised to power 6 / Va. TSPM(µg/m³)=RPM+NRPM Where : Wf = final weight of the filter paper(g.) Wi = initial weight of the filter paper(g.) CCf = final cyclone cup weight(g.) CCi = initial cyclone cup weight(g.) Va = volume of air passed (cub. M/min)

The most common methods for collection are grab sampling and absorption in liquid.mostly midget impinger is used. Adsorbing media are different for different gases.sampling of NO2 and SO2 has been done by using AMP-411 which was attached toAMP-460.

MEASUREMENT OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE:

Sodium arsenite modification of Jacobs-Hochheiser method is recommended as manual method.

NO2is absorbed in alkaline solution(NaoH-sodium arsenite absorbent)to form a stable solution of sodium nitrate. The nitrite ions produced during sampling were determined calorimetrically by reaching the exposed absorbing reagent with hydrogen peroxide.

Hydrogen peroxide reagent is prepared by diluting 0.2 ml of 30%hydrogen per oxide to 250.

50 ml absorbing reagent was taken in impinger.Initial time totalizer reading was noted and rotameter flow was set at1.0LPMof air& final reading was noted.

10ml of exposed absorbent was taken. Add 1ml of hydrogen per oxide solution, 10 ml of sulphanilamide solution &1.4ml of NED with thorough mixing and made the final volume with distilled water. after 20 min of colour development, the absorbance of exposed solution was measured against blank as 0.000 absorbance with spectrophotometer at 540 nm.Micrograms of NO2 present per ml of the solution was calculated.

The concentration of NO2in air was using the following formula: NO2(µg/m³) = (A-Ao) × F × 1000 × Vf / Va × Vt × 0.82. Where: A = Sample absorbance Ao = Reagent blank absorbance F = Final calibration factor(µg/absorbance unit) Vf = Volume of absorbing reagent (ml) 0.82 = Factor for collection efficiency Va = Volume of air sampled(litres) Vt = Volume of sample taken for analysis.

West and Geake method for quantitative analysis of SO2 as recommended both by EPA as well as ISI,India was adopted.

50 ml absorbing reagent TCM(Tetrachloromercurate 10.86g mercuric chloride+0.06g EDTA+4.68g sodium chloride+1lt distilled water)was taken in the impinger.Initial time totalizer reading was noted and rotameter flow was set at 1.0 LPMof air, final time totalizer and rotameter reading was noted.

dihydrochloride working solution and formaldehyde solution. and made up the final volume with distilled water. Blank was prepared using 10ml unexposed TCMsolutions.These solutions were left for about 30 min for development of red violet colour.Absorbance of samples was measured using spectrophotometer at 560 nm with reagent blank as references.

Where: A = Sample absorbance Ao = Reagent blank absorbance F = Calibration factor (µg/absorbance unit) Vf = Final volume of absorbing reagent(ml) Va = Volume of air sampled(Av.flow rate time) Vt = Volume of sample taken for analysis.

The ambient air quality(AAQ)data with respect to five parameters i.e.SPM,NRPM,RPM,SO2&NO2 conducted at 8 stations of 2 cities. Which are given in the following table.

Concentration is inµg/m³.

Concentration are in µg/m³ .Minimum and maximum concentrations of SPM, RPM, SO2&NO2 of different areas are given in table. The data has been compiled in term of bar charts. Following inferences can be drawn from monitoring results.

Sulfur dioxide is a serious pollutant. It accounts for about 29% of total weight of all pollutants.SO2concentration in residential area varies from 3.25µg/m³ in Hisar &15.13µg/m³ in Gurgaon due to commercial activity found nearby. All values are below :- The limits prescribed by C.P.C.B for residential area i.e.,80µg/m³. Concentration of SO2 in sensitive areas are 4.88µg/m³ in Gurgoan &3.75 µg/m³ in Hisar In dense vehicular traffic area the SO2 concentration was noted to be 20.87µg/m³ in Hisar and 7.36µg/m³ in Gurgaon.However concentration of SO2 in industrial area are48.46 µg/m³ in Hisar.and 8.54 µg/m³ in Gurgaon.Which is lower then the prescribed limits of 120 µg/m³.

NO2 concentration for residential area varied from10.11µg/m³ in Hisar and 40.17 µg/m³ in Gurgaon.But in sensitive area the concentration cross the higher value prescribed by CPCB i.e. 30 µg/m³ for and in Hisar it was 82.24 which cross the maximum limit prescribed. The highest NO2 concentration in industrial area was noted in Hisar 80.65 µg/m³.Gurgaon shows 52.13 µg/m³. which may be due to some influence of rain which occurred before the sampling.

The SPM concentration in residential area varies from 489µg/m³ in Gurgaon and 283µg/m³ in Hisar.Both the sites cross the prescribed limit of 200 µg/m³ for residential area. The SPM concentration at all sensitive site cross the limit prescribed by CPCB(100 µg/m³).The maximum concentration was noted in Gurgaon(507 µg/m³)and 231µg/m³ in Hisar.The concentration at vehicular site was found extremely high.i.e1885µg/m³ in Hisar and 580 µg/m³ in Gurgaon.Industrial site at Gurgaon (399µg/m³)show higher SPM concentration and Hisar showed 270µg/m³.

The NRPM concentration in residential areas is 179µg/m³ in Hisar.At sensitive area the concentration is 238 µg/m³.Where as at vehicular site it was 1443 µg/m³in Hisar and while at industrial site the concentration was 40 µg/m³ in Hisar.

The RPM concentration in residential area was318µg/m³ in Gurgaon and Hisar (104 µg/m³)i.e. higher then recommended by CPCB(100 µg/m³).In sensitive area it was 269 µg/m³ in Gurgaon and123 µg/m³ in Hisar.i.e higher then the maximum limit prescribed by CPCB(75 µg/m³) for sensitive area. The RPM level in vehicular area was 392 µg/m³ in Hisar and 253 µg/m³ in Gurgaon.Which cross the CPCB limit i.e. 100µg/m³.In industrial area also the the limit was more then the CPCB(150µg/m³) it was 300 in Gurgaon and 170 in Hisar where the site was located near the monitoring site.

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 CPCB,1995. Ambient Air Quality-Status and Statistics.  Director of land records, Haryana, Publication, 1999.  Census Department Haryana 1991. publication, 1999.

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