Jinnah and the Creation of Pakistan

Jinnah joined the Muslim League that fought for the cause of the Muslim and dominated the politics of the Muslim for many years. Jinnah played a pivotal role in the Lucknow pact in 1916 and was hailed as an ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity. He was imbued with the spirit of forming Hindu-Muslim unity during this period with the emergence of Jinnah; a liberal wing in the Muslim league had become increasingly powerful. Even prior to Lucknow pact, Jinnah had made frantic efforts to bring about Hindu-Muslim unity. During November, 1915 he endeavored to persuade the Muslim League members to hold its session in Bombay on December 30, 1915. Again Jinnah presided over the Lucknow session of the league which facilitated the Lucknow Pact. It was obvious that the liberal wing led by Jinnah had dominated the League and on this occasion Jinnah observed, "Towards the Hindus out attitude should be of good-will and brotherly feelings. Cooperation in the cause of our motherland should be our guiding principle. India's real progress can only be achieved by a true understanding and harmonious relations between the two great sister communities." Jinnah was one of those illustrious Muslim who opposed the demand of separate electorate out forward by Aga khan, the founder of Muslim League. He helped in materializing the Lucknow pact which was a significant development in the history of Indian freedom struggle because it helped in bringing an approachment between the Indian national congress and the all India Muslim league. But very soon Jinnah became disillusioned with policies of congress. He undertook an entirely different course of action, and his communal ideas began to crystallize. He began to advocate that the Muslim representation to various legislatures should be secured by means of separate electorates and thus began his separatist politics. In 1920, Jinnah opposed the use civil disobedience for the Khilafat cause. He started opposing the politics of Mahatma Gandhi because he was feeling the danger of Hindu domination. As a president of the Muslim league he exhorted the Muslim to organize under the banner of the league because the Hindu were well organized. Jinnah opposed the Nehru report in 1928 and administrated his own "Fourteen point" to solve the constitutional problems of India.

This work is an attempt to study the unique political and historical phenomenon of the creation of Pakistan, which is doubtless one of the most tragic and imported events in the long history of the sub-continued of India, and Jinnah's role in it. Jinnah is commonly regarded as the indefatigable champion of the cause of Pakistan. However, it is not the whole truth, so many factors worked behind the partition of India in August 1947 wiz-a-wiz the British policy of 'divide and rule' and their shifting of favoritism from the congress to the Muslim League, Muslim policy of separatism formulated by Sir Ahmed Khan and his followers, the Muslim League, the Muslim mentality of fear of being turned from the ruler into the ruled, the errors committed by the congress etc. no doubt, all these factors contributed to the concept of Pakistan and its realization, but it was Jinnah- an intelligent politician, a champion of the Muslim cause, at once an intellectual and an opportunist, a blend of personal ambition and the weal of the Muslim masses, a unique personality with sterling qualities of head and heart, who swam with the tide of the partition, took hold of it, controlled it and led it to the destination- the partition of India and the creation of Pakistan. In this

Jinnah came out with an ideology and theory of "Two Nations" to demand a separate homeland for the Indian Muslims. The "Two Nation" theory envisaged that the Hindus and the Muslim were entirely two nations residing in British India and that their history, culture and religion were so different that they could not stay together to from single independent state. He advances several arguments in favor of a separate nation for the Muslim. Jinnah wanted to discredit the congress claim that it represented both the Hindus and the Muslims. Secondly, he wished the congress to recognize the Muslim league claim of being the sale spokesman of Indian muslin. Jinnah took full advantage of the congress decision to resign office after the outbreak of the Second World War. It invited criticism from many quarters. But Jinnah could not bear the criticism of the Lahore resolution, and replied vigorously to the critics. Jinnah made a call to observe Pakistan Day on 19 April, 1940. Jinnah, in a message to the Bombay Presidency provincial Muslims league conference held at Hubli on May 26, 1940, said: "I am asked, will the British agree to the basic and fundamental principles of the Lahore resolution, namely, to create independent Muslim states in the North-Western and Eastern zone of India? Whether they agree or whether they do not, we shall fight for it to the last ditch. I know that the British politicians press and public are still holding on the conception of unity and one India, but I am convinced that it is a self-deception and complete ignorance of the realty." He clearly told the cabinet Mission that nothing would be achieved without acceding to the demand of Pakistan. The Ministers of the league refused to recognize Nehru as their leader. They were working independently under the leadership of Liaquat Ali Khan. The Muslim league remained in the interim government till August 14, 1947, and after that is formed its own government in Pakistan.

Abdul Qadir, Syed, History of Indo-Pakistan, Amery, L. S., India and Freedom, Azad, Abdul Kalam, India Wins freedom, Aziz A, Discovery of Pakistan, Hasan, Khaveja Sarwar, The Genesis of Pakistan describe the freedom struggle in India and the problem of partition of India. These works portrays role of Indian National congress and Indian Muslim League in winning the freedom and their struggle against British rule in India. Banerjee, A. C. and Bose, D. P. (Ed.), The Cabinet Mission in India, Banerjee, A. C. (Ed.), Indian Constitutional Documents, Hudson, H. V., The Great Divide: Britain India Pakistan, Mohammad Ashraf, cabinet Mission and After: A Collection of the Text of the Cabinet Mission's Award (1946) and other Relevant Matters concerned There with are important works on the partition of India and process of Speeches and Statement of Qaid i- Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah (1911-34 and 1947-48), Albiruni, A. H., Makers of Pakistan and Modern Muslim India, Bolitho, Hectoz, Jinnah: Creator of Pakistan, Iqbal H., Letters to Jinnah conveying His views on The Political future of Muslim India, Javid Iqbal, The Ideology of Pakistan and its Implementation are some works that provide details on Jinnah's role in the politics of Muslim League and his theory of Pakistan and its implementation in practical life creation of Pakistan. Birnbaum, Ervin, Some Theoretical and Practical Aspects of the Islamic state of Pakistan provide the five details how the partition of India did occur. This books enumerate the reason behind the creation of Pakistan and the politics of Indian National congress and the Muslim League during British rule.Brecher, Micheal, Nehru: A Political Biography analyze and discuss the leadership of J. L. Nehru and his role in Indian National congress and his efforts towards the freedom of India. Bright, J. S. (Ed), Important Speeches of Jawaharlal Nehru is an account of Nehru role in freedom struggle against British colonial rule. Mountbatten, Earl, Time Only to Look forward: Speeches as Viceroy of India and Governor General of India 1947-48 is a good account of paint view of the viceroy and the Governor General of India vis-à-vis the partition of India and the creation of Pakistan as a Muslim state. The work also provides the techniques adopted by the Congress and Muslim League toward the attainment of their goals. Other certain works available such as Rajput A. B., Muslim league: Yesterday and today, Ram Gopal, Indian Muslims: A Political History, Zaidi, A. M., Evolution of Muslim Political thought in India discusses the politics of Muslim League. The works provide that the League took the help of communal politics towards the realization of the Muslim state. These are five works on communal politics during and after the British rule in India.

The methodology used in the present study is historical and analytical. Different data and facts are being examined in background of India's geographical conditions, culture, religion and ideological base and the policy of the British Divide and Rule. Social and political values, ideology and facts will be given due attention while analyzing the subject. The study also makes the use of interdisciplinary approach keeping in view the economic conditions, social and political and ethnic variable which affected the demographic structure in India during British rule. The data for the present study has been collected from the primary and secondary sources available in India and the subject has been studied not only problem wise but in a chronological order also. The primary sources include proceedings reports of the conference held at different times of Indian National congress and the Muslim

Under the leadership of Jinnah, the Muslim League stuck to its demand of a separate state throughout the negotiations under August Offer, Cripps' proposals, Shimla Conference and Cabinet Mission Plan. Jinnah called 16th August 1946 as the Direct Action Day and to take Pakistan by force. According to the Mountbatten Plan, India was divided in 1947 and finally, the Muslim League under Jinnah's Leadership succeeded in getting its terms accepted and Pakistan was formed and Jinnah was appointed as first Governor- General of Pakistan. Thus, ultimately Jinnah's dream becomes a reality with the existence of Pakistan as an Islamic state. In fact, he had fought persistently for the creation of Pakistan all through his mature, active years of political life.

1. Abdul Qadir, Syed. History of Indo-Pakistan Lahore, Haque Bros. 1960. 2. Afzal, M. R. (Ed.). Selected Soeeches and statements of Qaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah (1911-34 and 1947-48). 3. Banerjee, A. (Ed.). Indian Constitutional Documents 1917-39 (Calcutta, 1949). 4. Banerjee, A. C. and Bose, D. P. (Eds.) The Cabinet Mission in India (Calcutta, 1946). 5. Bose, S. C. crossroads: Being works, 1938-49, compiled by the Netaji research Bureau (Calcutta). 6. Callard, Keith P. Political Parces in Pakistan 1947-1950 New York, Institute of Pacific Relation, 1950. 7. Camobell Johnson, Alan. Mission with Mountbatten. London, Robert Hale, 1953. 8. Dixit, Prabha. Communalism: A Struggle for Power. Delhi, Orient Longman, 1974. 9. Faruqi, Ziya-ul-Hasan. The Deoband School and the Demand for Pakistan. Bombay, Asia, 1963. 10. Gandhi, M. K. Collected works of Mahatma Gandhi. Govt. of India, New Delhi, 1958. 11. Hasan Mahmood, A Nation is Rom. Lahore, the author, 1950. 13. Iqbal, A. (Ed.). Selected Writings and Speeches of Maulana Mohamed Ali (Lahore, 1936). 14. Iqbal, M. Letter to Jinnah conveying his views on the Political Future of Muslim India (Lahore, 1943). 15. Jinnah, M. A. Jinnah Gandhi Talks (September 1944: Text of Correspondence, Delhi, All India Muslim league, 1944. 16. Lasswell, Harold. D. Power and Personality. New York, W. W. Norton, 1948. 17. MacDonald, James Ramsay. The Awakening of India. London, Hodder & Stoughton, 1910.