Biology in Some Fishes in Habiting Water Bodies of India

Streams are freshwater environments which are basic components of earth's dynamic cycles and vital for human economies and wellbeing. The streams usually give water to agribusiness, transport, drinking, power age, sterilization and amusement to the side filling in as natural surroundings for a different scope of creatures and plants. Freshwater assets all throughout the planet have been abused, wasted and contaminated with little respect for human wellbeing and environmental outcomes (Lavado et al., 2013). The riverine assets of India containing 113 significant and the minor streams alongside head feeders have a joined length of 45,000 km of which 80% of the complete length is contributed by 14 significant waterways. These lotic water assets are misused as well as are utilized to dump effluents, sewage and strong squanders. Because of immediate or roundabout contact of synthetic substances and waste water to the wellsprings of drinking water cause the unwanted changes in it by which the water become inadmissible for all oceanic life forms just as for people. Further, the limited idea of inexhaustible new water makes it a basic regular asset to look at with regards to populace development. Notwithstanding, regardless of the significance of freshwater assets in our lives and prosperity, we are progressively starting to accept this asset as being endless and for conceded. In India, numerous streams are revered and are viewed as sacred and these are life suppliers to abounding huge number of Indians, yet shockingly they have not been cared for appropriately and have been utilized and manhandled seriously which bringing about diminished stream and expanded contamination load. Water Pollution is depicted as expansion of unfamiliar substances or energy to the sea-going climate through the different anthropogenic exercises that outcomes in injurious impacts like perils to human wellbeing, impediment of fish exercises, disability of water quality and decrease of environment conveniences. Also, fast expansion in human and creature populace extraordinarily affected the worldwide biology and natural quality in agricultural nations. Likewise defilement of freshwater assets with suspended pollutants like natural and inorganic matter outcomes in numerous wellbeing infections. Other than numerous microbes, infections, protozoans, helminthes and so on prompts flare-up of water borne illnesses in human and creatures (Park, 2011). The greater part of the microorganisms don't really create clear illness on first openness however significant time-frame openness and their high densities in water is capable to cause numerous waterborne infections. Drinking water is significant wellspring of microbial microorganisms in creating areas because of absence of legitimate sterilization and cleanliness, which may prompt high densities of microorganisms there. Henceforth, before water can be expected as consumable, there is impulse to meet certain physical, compound and microbiological guidelines. Anyway the scope of guidelines/allowable cutoff points differ from one spot to another yet the goal is to decrease the chance of spreading water borne illnesses (Edema et al., 2001). about as contamination markers of water and deterioration cycle of these miniature creatures help in supplement reusing from natural buildup into the water. The amount and nature of these organisms are dependable to cause an enormous number of water borne illnesses like cholera, bacillary loose bowels, typhoid fever, and so on and furthermore goes about as microorganisms for fishes and other sea-going living beings. These infections have been discovered lethal ordinarily, especially if deficient clinical treatment is given. In this way, bacteriological assessment of water, is thusly, an amazing and preeminent apparatus to examine the presence of microorganisms that may comprise wellbeing risk (Bonde, 1977). Various organisms usually utilized as pointer of fecal and sewage contamination incorporate Streptococcus sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella sp., Enterobacter sp., Clostridium perfingens, Escherichia coli and other coliforms. Besides, during the previous quite a few years, because of urbanization, industrialization, expansion being used of metal industry has brought about weighty metal tainting of neighborhood water bodies. Metal contamination may harm the sea-going fauna at the cell level and potentially influences biological equilibrium. Openness and ingestion of dirtied sea-going items, for example, fishes can cause medical issue in human and creatures including conceptive and neurological issues. The term substantial metal alludes to any metallic synthetic component having thickness more noteworthy than 5g/cm3 and is harmful or toxic even at low fixations. Substantial metals (HM) being common parts of earth's outside layer are difficult to be debased and obliterated. HM are characteristic minor component of the amphibian climate however their levels have been expanded attributable to expansion of different effluents from modern squanders, geochemical structures, rural and mining exercises. These wellsprings of contamination influence the physicochemical attributes of the water and organic parts and subsequently the amount and nature of fish stock (Singh et al., 2006). To a little degree, the substantial metals enter our bodies by means of drinking water, food, and air. However, a few metals like Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn are fundamental for life forms to complete different metabolic exercises and lie in the thin 'window' between their vitality and harmfulness. Other weighty metals like Cd, Pb, Hg and Cr being superfluous may display outrageous harmfulness even at low levels in this way influencing the wellbeing of organic entities. Notwithstanding, hefty metal harming may happen at significant level, for example, from high encompassing air fixation close to discharge sources, polluted drinking water lines or admission through natural way of life. Hefty metals are more risky, attributable to their bounty, constancy, climate poisonousness and inclination to bioaccumulate in the body of a living life form. Bioaccumulation implies expansion in centralization of a compound in natural living being over openness period contrasted with the component focus in the climate. Openness to weighty homeostasis (Alissa and Ferns, 2011). Substantial metals like Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb) and Iron (Fe) are significant poisons in the sea-going climate. Copper can go into oceanic climate through discharges from mining of copper industrial facilities squander dumps, homegrown wastewater, ignition of fossils fills, phosphate compost creation and regular sources incorporates rotting vegetation, volcanoes, backwoods fires and so on Other than its vitality, undeniable degree of Cu impacts erythrocytic capacities, gastrointestinal aggravations, corruption, cirrhosis and liver disappointment. Iron is a fundamental minor component needed for development of oceanic plants and phytoplankton. It is engaged with photosynthesis, breath, chlorophyll color biosynthesis and chemical exercises. High centralization of Fe may bring about acridity of water and iron over-burden can prompt haemochromatosis, an extreme illness that can harm body's organs. Indications incorporate weakness, weight reduction and joint torment and can even prompt liver issues and coronary episode or cardiovascular breakdown. Lead is a delicate metal and is broadly utilized in metal items, pipelines, links, paints, pesticides, food compartments, fuel ignition and mechanical cycles, these contain shifting measure of lead. Undeniable degree of Pb brings about iron deficiency, sway on hemoglobin blend, ascend in pulse, harm to mind, kidney and sensory system, social interruption of youngsters like animosity, rash and hyperactivity (Jarup, 2003). Lead harming might be recognized from a blue line around the gums. Zinc, a fundamental component, is one of the normal weighty metal contaminations and it might goes into water from geographical enduring or human exercises, for example, mechanical and homegrown wastewater releases. Exorbitant admission of Zn may cause stomach cramps, iron deficiency, queasiness, spewing and upset the protein digestion. Being a significant constituent of numerous compounds high portion may likewise cause stomach torment, fierce regurgitating and degenerative changes in liver. Additionally, long haul openness to weighty metals may result in gradually advancing physical, solid and neurological degenerative interaction that mirror Alzheimer's sickness, Parkinson's infection, strong dystrophy and various sclerosis. Therefore there is incredible worry of follow metals in food sources, drinking water which has been spurred by a few standard association like World Health Organization (WHO) and Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). Fishes are a fundamental piece of amphibian climate and a significant asset giving, entertainment, food and monetary worth. Since, fish is set at the highest point of amphibian natural pecking order, can absorb enormous measure of foreign substances and store them in their tissues and go about as conceivable exchange media to people (Al - Yousaf et al., 2000). Due to the significance of fish in human eating routine, it can give significant pathway to moving of poisonous components to man (Langston,

denaturation of catalysts or by implication through age of receptive oxygen species (Pourahmad and O'Brien, 2000). In this way, fishes are generally utilized as bioindicators of the oceanic climate showing tainting in amphibian environment. The productivity of metal take-up by fishes from debased water may vary comparable to biological necessities, digestion and the pollution inclination of water, silt and food just as physico-synthetic boundaries of water like temperature, pH and associating specialist (Rauf et al., 2009; Mohamed and Osman, 2014). Histopathology is a helpful biomarker for ecological tainting as histopathological examination of fish tissues fill in as early notice indications of harm to creature wellbeing, since numerous contaminations need to go through metabolic initiation to incite cell changes in various organs and adds to understanding the idea of stress reactions. The gills and digestive system of freshwater fishes are the objective organ for a few xenobiotics due to their immediate contact with the water (Perry and Laurent, 1993). When substantial metals get consumed, they can be moved in the circulation system for capacity in liver, kidney and muscle tissues. The gills and digestive tract are considered as primary section for passage of toxins to the interior body organs like liver and kidney through the blood. The histopathological changes in this way brought about hypoxia, respiratory disappointment issues with ionic and corrosive base equilibrium in gills, cell degeneration and putrefaction in liver and digestive tract and atresia and follicular degeneration in balls.

• To assess the water quality status of selected water bodies of India region. • Quantitative and qualitative estimation of microbial load and heavy metals present in aquatic ecosystem. • Evaluation of bioaccumulation of heavy metals in different tissues of fishes under natural conditions.

The water nature of Indian streams has been weakening step by step because of constant release of untreated mechanical effluents just as homegrown sewage. Numerous analysts have considered physical, substance and natural highlights of different sea-going wellsprings of India and detailed expanded contamination level in these water bodies viz. Saxena et al.(1966), Zutshi and Vass (1978); Agarwal and Srivastava (1984); Sakhre and Joshi, (2002); Kumar et al., (2004) and Hanif et al., (2005). boundaries like BOD, COD, high turbidity and low substance of DO as markers of contamination. Sharma et al. (2013) analyzed the distinctive physico-compound qualities of significant sewage channels entering waterway Yamuna at Mathura and saw that the measure of broke up oxygen was low in every one of the channels with correspondingly high upsides of BOD, COD, Chloride, sulfate, calcium and magnesium in every one of the channels. Saha et al. (2012) contemplated the climate attributes of salty water environment of Sunderbans, West Bengal and they noticed crumbling state of the framework which was demonstrated by high under immersion of DO, high COD and high all out alkali ideally in the pre-storm season. While contemplating the effect of mercury contamination in Paravanru stream, Ramamurthy et al. (2002) demonstrated that effluents released from coal mining industry conveyed harmful components which influences the essential makers of the biological system. Das and Konar (2010) led limnological investigations on waterway Mathabangachurni which uncovered wide variance in broke down oxygen fixation because of sewage release from sugar plant emanating and color plant effluents into the stream. Mishra and Tripathi (2011) explored physico-substance attributes of Ganga water and uncovered checked variety in temperature, pH, natural oxygen interest, compound oxygen interest, complete hardness, corrosiveness, absolute alkalinity, chloride and broke down oxygen at contaminated and non-dirtied locales. A huge negative connection of DO was seen with temperature, BOD and COD while a positive relationship was seen among BOD, COD, all out hardness, causticity and all out alkalinity. Ravindra et al. (2012) assessed different physico-synthetic qualities of the River Yamuna streaming in Haryana through Delhi for two seasons for example summer and winter season. The environmental boundaries viz. DO, NO3 2-, TDS and so forth were investigated and contrasted with the standard passable cutoff points and reasoned that the stream in Delhi upstream was of better quality while the Delhi downstream stretch was contaminated as demonstrated by low DO and high worth of absolute broke up solids (TDS), electric conductivity (EC) and complete hardness. DO and TDS were discovered to be two significant boundaries which showed solid relationship with a few different boundaries and consequently can fill in as great records of stream water quality. Iqbal et al. (2012) exhibited the occasional variety in physico-synthetic boundaries of waterway Soan, Pakistan viz. water temp., light infiltration, free carbon Additionally generally water nature of the site was found inside as far as possible all through their examination period. Spasojevic et al. (2010) considered the water nature of Zapadna Morava waterway and it was inferred that stream water was of lower quality over time as it is contaminated with alkali. Nonetheless, nitrite and phenol fixation were additionally once in a while higher than as far as possible. The harmful substance in stream water was because of the expansion of release of non-cleansed city and mechanical waste water. Tripathi et al. (2011) made a subjective evaluation on water of Gomti stream, Lucknow, India and the outcomes consequently uncovered an expansion in the organic oxygen interest, substance oxygen interest, alkalinity, chlorides, all out hardness, conductivity, all out solids and weighty metals viz. Fe, Pb, Cu, Zn, and Cr. Nonetheless, diminished degree of DO and pH was noticed. Any remaining considered metals focus were found inside allowable cutoff points aside from Iron. Gasim et al. (2015) while surveying the physico-compound attributes of the Bebar waterway, Malaysia commented low upsides of pH and broke up oxygen in this manner bringing about hypoxia condition and acidic medium. In this way, the stream water was not useful for utilization. Sati and Palwal (2014) inspected fifteen physico-synthetic compounds and two bacteriological investigation of Kosi stream water in Central Himalayas for the time of one year. The information hence closed recommended that stream water is under pressure because of high anthropogenic exercises and furthermore the worth of pH, DO, BOD, COD and Fe surpass WHO (1971) standards of water quality. Wakawa et al. (2008) decided the impact of mechanical effluents on the water nature of waterway Challawa, Kano Nigeria and it was seen that every one of the contemplated physicochemical boundaries like TS, TDS, TSS, pH, DO, temp., chloride, sulfate, phosphate except for DO, BOD, COD and EC were inside the suggested standard cutoff points for drinking water. Likewise, it was reasoned that the contamination propensities of the stream were credited to undeniable degrees of Pb, Cr and Cd in the waterway water.

The water quality regarding bacteriology has accomplished incredible consideration of numerous creators as sullied water contains numerous microorganisms that become the reason for some water borne sicknesses. The complete coliform and warm blooded creatures and are killed in huge numbers in fecal squanders To evaluate fecal pollutions in the water, the coliform bunches are utilized as prime pointer (Geldreich, 1966). A water body can be considered as liberated from waterborne microbes if no fecal coliforms found there (WHO, 1997). Lechevallier et al. (2014) contemplated crude and chlorinated water supplies and found that Actinomycetes and Aeromonas species were the most widely recognized gatherings of SPC microscopic organisms in chlorinated dispersion water though in crude water the two gatherings distinguished were Aeromonas sp. also, Enterobacter agglomerans. Clark et. al. (2013) dissected metropolitan water test for portrayal of marker microbes and it was presumed that the greater part of the water tests showed presence of bacterial species like Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogens, Aeromonas hydrophila, Klebsiella pneumonia and Citrobacter ferundii. An investigation has been completed by Ferguson et al. (1996) on Georges stream, Australia and it was seen that centralization of fecal coliform, fecal streptococci, C. perfringens in water section were emphatically related with one another. Niewolak (1999) examined the level of contamination and sterile bacteriological condition of pelagic water of lake Wigry, Poland and the strategy utilized as markers of contamination were Total Count at 37°C and others like Total coliform, Fecal coliform, and Fecal streptococci as pointers of clean state. Bezuidenhout et al. (2012) performed microbiological examination of Mhlathuze River (S.Africa) and the aftereffects of study uncovered undeniable degree of marker microorganisms (Total coliform and fecal coliform) and heterotrophic plate check microscopic organisms recommended that precipitation and water temperature during the time of study showed up as factor impacting the expanded bacterial tallies. Microbiological appraisal of Ulasi waterway, Nigeria has been done by Anazoo and Ibe (2005) and numerous heterotrophic microorganisms were confined like Pseudomonas sp., Klebsiella sp., Proteus sp., Escherichia Coli and so forth It was reasoned that stream water isn't alright for drinking without treatment as indicated by the WHO (1971). Sabae and Rabeh (2007) assessed the microbial nature of River Nile water at Damietta Branch and bacteriological examinations included absolute reasonable check (TVC), complete coliform (TC) and assessment of fecal coliform (FC), Fecal streptococci (FS) and pathogenic microorganisms. The most extreme tally was seen during summer and negligible during winter and it was uncovered from the outcome that waterway

During the present course of investigation the water quality of two different stations viz. Nagrota and Basantar was evaluated in terms of physico-chemical, bacteriological and heavy metals in water and their impact on reproduction, histology of gills, liver, intestine and cytology of fishes was also undertaken.

The water quality regarding bacteriology has accomplished incredible consideration of numerous creators as sullied water contains numerous microorganisms that become the reason for some water borne sicknesses. The complete coliform and fecal streptococci are viewed as fantastic markers of water bacterial defilement because of their quality in the ordinary digestive system plot of people and other warm blooded creatures and are killed in huge numbers in fecal squanders To evaluate fecal pollutions in the water, the coliform bunches are utilized as prime pointer (Geldreich, 1966). A water body can be considered as liberated from waterborne microbes if no fecal coliforms found there (WHO, 1997). Lechevallier et. al. (2014) contemplated crude and chlorinated water supplies and found that Actinomycetes and Aeromonas species were the most widely recognized gatherings of SPC microscopic organisms in chlorinated dispersion water though in crude water the two gatherings distinguished were Aeromonas sp. also, Enterobacter agglomerans. Clark et. al. (2013) dissected metropolitan water test for portrayal of marker microbes and it was presumed that the greater part of the water tests showed presence of bacterial species like Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogens, Aeromonas hydrophila, Klebsiella pneumonia and Citrobacter ferundii. An investigation has been completed by Ferguson et al. (1996) on Georges stream, Australia and it was seen that centralization of fecal coliform, fecal streptococci, C. perfringens in water section were emphatically related with one another. Niewolak (1999) examined the level of contamination and sterile bacteriological condition of pelagic water of lake Wigry, Poland and the strategy utilized as markers of contamination were Total Count at 37°C and others like Total coliform, Fecal coliform, and Fecal streptococci as pointers of clean state. Bezuidenhout et. al. (2012) performed microbiological examination of Mhlathuze River (S.Africa) and the aftereffects of study uncovered undeniable degree of marker microorganisms (Total coliform and fecal coliform) and heterotrophic plate check microscopic Microbiological appraisal of Ulasi waterway, Nigeria has been done by Anazoo and Ibe (2005) and numerous heterotrophic microorganisms were confined like Pseudomonas sp., Klebsiella sp., Proteus sp., Escherichia Coli and so forth It was reasoned that stream water isn't alright for drinking without treatment as indicated by the WHO (1971). Sabae and Rabeh (2007) assessed the microbial nature of River Nile water at Damietta Branch and bacteriological examinations included absolute reasonable check (TVC), complete coliform (TC) and assessment of fecal coliform (FC), Fecal streptococci (FS) and pathogenic microorganisms. The most extreme tally was seen during summer and negligible during winter and it was uncovered from the outcome that waterway water was exposed to sewage contamination during the examination time frame.

Temperature is the main actual factor which is the premise of life work and has extraordinary impact on confounded biochemical responses by influencing metabolic pace of creatures. Both air temperature and water temperature show varieties because of various meteorological and geological area under investigation (Odum, 1990). Scrutiny of tables 3 and 4 and figures 1 and 2 portrayed the occasional variety in temperature (air and water) in both the examination station for the time of two years for example from 2015-2017. At St. I (Nagrota), the air temperature showed variety from 18.5°C to 30°C with mean maxima (29°C) and mean minima (22.1°C) for first year and was gone from 20°C to 34°C in second year of study with mean minima (23°C) and mean maxima (31.6°C) for second year (2016-17). Comparative pattern was noticed for the both year with mean maxima during pre-storm and mean minima during winters. Essentially, water temperature went between 16°C to 28°C with mean maxima of 25.8°C and mean minima of 18.3°C for the principal year (2015-16) and for the subsequent year (2016-17), it went from 17.6°C to 29.3°C with mean greatest worth of 27.3°C and mean least worth of 17.6°C during pre-storm and winter separately for both the years. Further, at station II (Basantar waterway), an increment in air temperature was seen during the two years when contrasted with St. I (Nagrota) in separate a long time with range 21°C to 35°C in first year (2015-16) and 23°C to 39°C in second year (2016-17). The mean most extreme upsides of 35°C and 39°C were noticed for the first and second year individually while the mean least worth of air temperature was 21°C for first year of study and 23°C for the subsequent year (2016-17). oceanic and earthly life. In this way, there is earnest need to evaluate the water nature of streams as water is identified with human wellbeing and climate straightforwardly. Remembering this, the current examination work has been done to assess the level of contamination level at two distinctive freshwater bodies viz. Stream Tawi (Nagrota) as Station I and River Basantar as Station II, to survey the potability of water and effect of contamination on fishes. Observing of water nature of study stations included various boundaries viz. Physico-compound examination, bacteriological investigation and substantial metal examination.

1. Abah, J., Mashebe, P. and Onjefu, S.A. (2016). Preliminary assessment of some heavy metals pollution status of Lisikili river water in Zambezi region, Namibia. International Journal of Environment and Pollution Research, 4(2): pp. 13-30. 2. Abdel-Baky, T. E., Hagras, A.E., Hassan, S.H. and Zyadah, M.A. (1998). Environmental impact assessment of pollution in Lake Manzala, I-Distribution of some heavy metals in water and sediment. J. Egypt. Ger. Soc. Zoo., 26(B): pp. 25-38. 3. Ahmed, A. (2004). Ecological studies of the river Padma at Mawa Ghat, Munshiganj. Physico-chemical properties. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 7(11): pp. 1865-1869. 4. Badr, E.A. and El-Dib, S.E. (1978). Effects of water pollution on the cell division cycle and chromosome behavior in Tilapia sp. Egypt. J. Genet. Cytol, 7: pp. 193-200. 5. Bagdonas, E. and Vosylienė, M.Z. (2006). A study of toxicity and genotoxicity of copper, zinc and their mixture to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Biologija, (1). 6. Bankar, J.J. and Deshmukh, A.M. (2004). Bacteriological characteristics of drinking water from public places in Satara District, Maharashtra. J. Aqua. Biol, 19(2): pp. 1-6. 7. Battul, P.N., Rao, R.A., Navale, K., Bagale, M.B. and Shah, N.V. (2007). Fish diversity from Ekrukh Lake near Solapur Maharashtra. J. Aqua. Biol., 22(2): pp. 68- 72.

Assistant Professor, Department of Zoology, Sai Meer Degree College, Uttar Pradesh