Indianization of English A Descriptive Study of Indian English

In India the East India Company brought English. After they came they started working in English. They also learnt Indian languages, in order that they may interact among Indians. But all the judicial and administrative works were worn out English only. Afterwards, it became the medium of instruction for instruction also. Knowledge of English language was made compulsory for all types of presidency works. Even after the independence of India, English was permitted to be used for a period of 15 years because it was expected that by the time, throughout the state Hindi would acquire the position that English was availing. But being a multi-lingual country, variety of issues grew. Hence, the employment of English Language has not been stopped. Though, English has not got place among 22 languages in the 8th schedule of the Indian constitution, yet Sahitya Academi included it within the award list among the 24 Indian languages. Even in several English medium schools of India, English could be a preferred language that dominates all other languages. It‟s no more considered as a far off language where as other languages of the globe are considered and taught as foreign language. In the present research work, the discussion is proposed on „Indianization of English: A Descriptive Study of Indian English‟, by developing a scientific functional description of English employed in India. This research work chiefly comprises the renowned works of famous Indian fiction. Ruskin Bond‟s and Sir Edwin Arnold‟s works have also been taken under consideration. Some leading newspapers and magazines published in India and abroad together with some famous translated works of varied authors also are taken under consideration. The most objective of this research is to enable Standard Indian English achieve the identical value, position and prestige because the native sorts of English enjoy. Indian English is now growing as an independent type of English as American English or Australian English. The particular objective of this research are to plan the most features and reasons that have caused the Indianization of English and to guage that how far it should be useful.

In India, the fundamental aspects- that have brought English from the state of being pidgin to the purpose of being acknowledged as second language is the long association with English. It ceases to be alien language. In the course of time it involves be utilized taking roots in the current environment and because the consequence, takes newer form & shapes accordingly. This phenomenon is referred as „contextualization‟ by sociolinguists. In the beginning, the language situation was like interaction between British people and the Indians. Indians picked up English from country and this can be visible in earlier Indian writings. By the passage of time, the language contact situation grew that emerged several sub sorts of English. Rather than such a large amount of diversities and contrasts throughout the country, there's one common feature; that's, the link language. The link language among the persons of various Indian languages or from different states is usually Hindi or English. Except Hindi none of the Indian language has earned that much grace to become the link language throughout the country. Sometimes, knowingly or unknowingly, the urge-not to use the other state‟s language-plays a awfully vital role in making English a link language in India; e.g. it's been noticed that the people of southern a part of India choose to communicate in their own regional language or in English. Normally situation, they don‟t value more highly to use the other regional language. That‟s why; they like only their regional language or English as a medium of communication. Thus, to unravel the language issue, the states of eastern and southern part of India (Group – C) are allowed to use English to interact with Union Government and authorities. This represents the most cause why English together with Hindi and few other Indian languages are playing the powerful role of link language within the country. Now, the question arises that what are the situations during which English should be adopted as a pan medium of communication or a Link Language in India. India may be a Democratic country which includes a Central Government also with State Governments. There could also be numerous works that employees of various states further as of the Central Governments must communicate with each other. And thus, English is one in all the languages that meet out the essential requirement. Due to this soldiers in both the houses of Indian parliament, Judiciary (especially Supreme Court), Government additionally as Private Organizations, media, Mass communication, Education, Entertainment, Tourism etc. Since Independence, keeping in mind all the aforesaid points and to avoid the inter-state language conflict, English, together with the regional language, in the non-Hindi speaking states, has been used for official purposes. English has been playing the eminent role of a link language long before India got independence. Macaulay‟s Minutes, with the aim to spread English language into Indian Education System, played an important role during this. English was made compulsory to get a government job. As a result, English learning became a necessity of each educated Indian. By this manner it became a link language between Britishers and Indians, and also among Indians of various language groups. English is additionally considered as a garment “that is worn at office for formal official and social occasions. Once, any individual enters his house, he removes it and hangs it in its place and put his own traditional clothes.” But the shade and colour of this official garment remains on traditional clothes. If any Indian person suffers from the concept of supremacy of English Language, and needs to develop English speaking skills in his children or wants to make an English atmosphere even home, he tries his best to continue the use of English even at his home among members of the family, relatives and friends. Though, the famous Marathi novelist and critic, Bhal Chand Nemade, mentions English to be used at dirty places and for ignoble activities, yet this as not so. It‟s used for dignified reasons also. it's has been used for establishing international relations, exchange of information, in various fields of innovation, for entertainment and even for literary purposes The substantial and continuing influence of influenced English (Indian English) on Indian languages has been the topic of the many studies. The „Anglicization‟ of Indian language and „Indianization‟ of English are complementary phenomena. English Language has influences almost on every language of India. “This is the influence a superposed language has on local languages in serving because the source for new vocabulary, features of phonology as syntax, or types of discourse.” Anamika, an Indian writer mentioned in one in all her poems, “It just kisses other language houses delicately with a smile.” Thus, it's obvious that Indian English performs several functions in Indian circumstances using its various forms specific to non-public, social, official, formal and non-formal Indian requirements. Indian English also influences Indian languages. None of the opposite kinds of English can do so because they're as foreign as any of the opposite language of the planet.

The word „Indianness‟ highlights all the qualities that entitle this style of English as Indian English. Indianness is candidly visible in Indian idioms which are included in English. The sources that emit Indianness in English are transfer of context, transfer of register, transfer of form context components (in religious, social rites, cultural event, kinship terms and address forms.) Indianness is expressed in Indian English either through „shift‟ or „Translation‟ or „Indian English collocation‟. After this, Indianness is measured in Indian English through all kinds and degrees of collocational deviation. Not only this, in Indian English collocation, deletion of conjunctions (and, or), prepositions (for, of, from, during, etc.), simile (like, as etc.) and certain other words are found on the analogy of „Samas-pad‟ of Hindi Grammar. Together with this, collocation of over two units, transfer of collocation from Indian languages, Indian context with relevancy Indianness and Indianness in hybrid formations have

presence of Indianness always remains, especially in the linguistic expressions, regardless of the chosen language. English has entered into India as a distant language; but by the passage of time, it's used as a second language. Even then, because of impact of maternal language, where so ever it's employed in India, it cultivates itself in the specific Indian way. That‟s not only reflected in communication but also in oral discourse. English employed in India also depicts Indian culture, religion, tradition and philosophy also. Language is employed during a number of the way during a real situation, and there are variety of terms to explain the way it's utilized in. Among them „pragmatic norms‟, „rhetorical structure‟, „text structures‟, „script‟, „discourse‟, „cultural convention‟ etc. are a number of the foremost important terms. Language also attains the foremost crucial impact of the culture of the country where it's used. In India, though, English is employed as a second language yet playing major role in almost every phase of living. There are variety of Indian cultural conventions that can't be explained appropriately by any of the equivalent English word. English is employed in Indian culture in an Indian way. English that bears or exhibits Indian culture conveys meaning only to people who have some understanding about the culture; otherwise either it's superficial meaning or it's going to create confusion to the audience. Thus, as a result, English has somewhat absorbed the culture of India and possesses an honest impact on its linguistic setting. “Cultural conventions are cultural routines.” It includes the way people behave, greet and address one another. It‟s going to also expose the dressing style, eating habits, and living type of the natives. How English are often distinguished in varieties like, British, American, Australian or Indian etc.? Distinction may be made as per the inherited qualities; as Englishness of ordinary or Native English, Americanness of american English, and so on. These points of debate are going to be supported the bilinguals who are efficient in their tongue or maternal language and that they are well groomed in English too. They even have to interact in and with Indian social, cultural, regional and non-secular circumstances; and more over who continuously; make efforts to complement Indian English with Indianness. C.P. Varghese defines Indianness as, “What I mean Indianness in Indian writing in English, is that the assemblage of the cultural pattern of India and therefore the deep seated ideas and ideals political economic, secular and spiritual - that constitute the mind of India and are reflected in her writing.

By all the discussion, put formward, it's been proved that Indian English is flourishing as a separate form of English which basically follows the principles and languages. It‟s also an indisputable fact that among all the countries of the planet, India has the most number of English speakers and users who follow the principles of the language in a much better manner. But due to „time‟, „need‟ and „situation‟ Indian English users automatically give or must provides it slightly of Indianness. Many another times, when it becomes an acute necessity, it's intentionally employed. Indian English has its scope and importance not only in India but also in various other countries of the globe. Authors of English of several other countries also employ several Indian words in their writings. To feature to the current status, several Indian words have also acquired their place in almost every world famous English dictionary. Due to this, English vocabulary is getting richer day by day. Indian English has also emerged as a separate style of English Language. It follows the foundations yet has several unique features specific to Indian languages, cultures and conditions. If several of those features had not been involved within English the aim of language and communication couldn't are achieved and fulfilled. Language is the only tool of communication process yet English must not stop this ultimate function by following the strict grammar rules. As India is the nation where the best number of English users of the planet is also found; so to create this tool user-friendly, natural and lucid; inclusion of several traits, words and expressions specific to - Indian languages, customs, rituals, habits, religion, beliefs etc. are evolved. So, at the top it may be summed up that Indian English has grown and developed jointly of the kinds of English Language. None other variety can perform all the functions that Indian English performs in Indian contexts and situations. The study also highlights variety of specific areas (spellings, vocabulary and pronunciation etc.) where scope of more advancement is required to determine Indian English jointly among the foremost types of English. It‟s also been observed that Indian English has more grammatical correctness than that of the other sort of English and can definitely acquire a dignified position in world map.

1. Anand, Mulk Raj (1945). The Liar. 'Mulk Raj Anand: A Reader. Ed. Atma Ram. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi. 2. Agrawal, S. P. and J. C. Aggarwal (1997). Development of Education in India. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. 3. Bandyopadhyay, Suman (2010). Indianisation of English: Analysis of Linguistic Features in Selected Post-1980 Indian English Fiction. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company Pvt. Ltd. 5. Das, C. (2012). Applied English Grammar and Composition. New Delhi: New Central Book Agency (P) Ltd. (Hindi Version by K.K. Goswami and S. D. Sahrma) 6. Gargesh, Ravinder & Krishna Kumar Goswami. 2007. Translation & Interpretation. New Delhi: Orient Black Swan. 7. Hosali, Priya (2004). Butler English: Morphology and Syntax. A Handbook of Varieties of English. Germany: Walter de Gruyter. 8. Joshi, Suchita (2005). The Namesake Account of a Name, Looking for its Bearer, Indian Women Novelists in English. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. 9. Kachru, Braj B, Yamuna Kachru, Cecil L Nelson (2009). The Handbook of World Englishes New York: Oxford: Blackwell Publication 10. Mishra, Krishna Chandra (2005). Correction of Errors in English: A Training Course. New Delhi: Swarup & Sons 11. Pathak R. S. (1994). Indianisation of English Language and Literature. New Delhi: Bahri Publication 12. Rajend, Mesthrie (2006). English in Language Shift: The History, Structure and Sociolinguistics of South African Indian English. London: Cambridge Uni. Press 13. Sethi, J. (2011). Standard English and Indian New Yorkge: Vocabulary and Grammar. Second Edition. Delhi: PHI Learning Private Limited.

Head, Department of English, K.A. PG College Kasganj, UP, India