Study on Criminal Tribe Act and Its Effects

The subject of criminal tribes scarcely got satisfactory consideration in India, despite the fact that crime has been on the expansion in view of different social and economic factors associated with progress from medieval to current, from rustic to Urban and forest to plain zones. An examination of the reasons for crime, its connection to the financial environment, law, religion and different organizations of social control, has turned out to be basic. Crime is associated with economic burdens and social strains in our nation. No one is a conceived criminal. Criminal is the result of society. How he is made a criminal clarifies the circumstance of the making of criminal tribes and their examples and progress. The recurrence of crime in Yerukula tribe introduces a genuine issue. An examination of their financial and social conditions would clarify a few maladjustments which are mostly in charge of criminal propensity. Criminality isn't inherited and the criminal conduct of the Yerukulas is more because of the crumbling of their social moorings and regional relocations every now and then. They have lost their customary methods for livelihood on account of forest laws of the British administration and because of the intercession and infringement of non-tribals into their life. They needed to move from place to put, from state to state keeping in mind the end goal to squeeze out their livelihood. Tribal people group are the most punctual tenants of any nation. It is in the meantime obvious that these are non-static or vagrant gatherings. Over the span of history, because of different factors, the segregation among the gatherings vanished and they are found to destroy the transformational phases. It is valid too that they have no "lasting crystalline structures having a place with one phase of recorded or social advancement". In any case, references to these gatherings are found in numerous books. These were portrayed as Dasyus, Sabaras, Nishadas, Rakshasas and the like. This being their underlying ID, we should now attempt to identify the ex-criminal tribes of Andhra Pradesh. For thousands of years, the tribes, all in all, lived in isolation having no intercourse with the outside world. Thus, they had no civilizational impact. This was chiefly in charge of their backwardness. In the modern period, when the East India Company came and set up its political, economic and cultural hegemony, they needed to abuse the forest produce as well. For this reason they enacted forest laws. Amid the mid twentieth century, correspondence offices, for example, railways and roads were produced in the hill areas and forests. Along these lines, an open door sought the general population from fields to invade into tribal areas and fulfill their narrow minded closures. This brought about loss of land and loss of economic independence. All through the long history of Andhra, covering the periods of the rule of Satavahanas, Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas, Kakatiyas, Qutbshahis and Asifjahis, the ‗Adivasis' or native tribes were pushed once more into their homelands, the forested areas and hilly regions. The Adivasis kept on being the simple prey of the Hindu and Mohammadan medieval masters nearly up to the

products of their hard work.

The religion of Thugs or Thugee, known for killing and victimizing rich explorers and merchants of focal India, which was adjoining the British Bengal Presidency, Thugees as a gathering, become friends with brokers and rich explorers in parades, and choke them to death, plundering their possessions. Thugee religion had clearly begun around the seventeenth century after the defeat of the Mughul Empire. The Thugees were not a specific group, they sorted out themselves as a gathering, the gathering may contain Hindus and also Muslims and they don't have a place with specific region or district. They travel a long way from their country, frame as a gathering, assault the dealers and after certain period leave themselves, and rejoin a similar gathering or some other gathering. They select one of their children, as their devotee, ladies and the family remains in the local town where their way of life as a Thug was hided and obscure. Such triumph over an undesirable aggravation, propelled the government to utilize a similar know-how to handle comparable issues on an across the country scale, politically and socially utilized hypotheses advanced amid the concealment of the Thugs, which had in following decade sufficiently accumulated steam to fake credibility, and open endorsement. Before long comparable gatherings, which were esteemed unsafe to the British government are marked as 'inherited executioners' were spotted and this in the end prompted the definition of 'Criminal Tribes Act' The tribes "told" under the Act were named as Criminal Tribes for their assumed "criminal propensities". Thus anybody conceived in these around 160 groups the nation over was assumed as a "conceived criminal", independent of their criminal points of reference. This gave the police clearing forces to capture them, control them, and screen their developments. Once tribes were formally told, its individuals had no plan of action to cancelation such notification under the legal framework. From that point on, their developments were checked through an arrangement of mandatory enrollment and passes, which determined where the holders could travel and dwell, and locale justices were required to keep up records of all such individuals. The 1871Criminal Tribes Act was implemented in the northern piece of British India first. Later it was reached out to Bengal (1876) and different regions, with the Madras Presidency being the last to enact it in 1911. Under the Act, 151 advised positions of "innate criminals" inside the Hindu framework were to be kept under police observation. More stations were added to the rundown. The marking of these groups as "criminal" did not depend on the thought of schools and settlements for the recovery of these individuals. Their developments were limited to particular zones and the Act accommodated their capture without warrant if there was any infringement. The violations secured included duplicating of coins and money, kill, burglary, theft, dacoitry and house breaking. Kids in the age gathering of 6 to 18 were isolated from their folks and put in reformatory schools.

CRIMINAL TRIBES ACT

The Criminal Tribes Act it enables the following rules and procedures: • As per section 3 of the Act the local government was authorized to designate any class of person, who were addicted to the systematic commission of non- bailable offences as a criminal tribe. • The section 10-1-(b0 of the Act was also extended to the Criminal tribes the provision says,‘ every registered member of the Criminal tribe who has been required under section (b) to inform his place of residence and any subsequent change of address . He shall immediately notify his permanent place of residence, his temporary residence, if any to the head man of the village. This shall be entered in the register kept by the village. • Every registered member of the CT Act should report himself either once in a week or as per stipulation made by the District Magistrate to the police or village authority in whose neighborhood the registered member happened to be at that time. • As a result of this condition the movement as well as their privacy restricted. • According to Section 10-1 (a) register should be maintained by the local police station or the panchayat ,the name and the left thumb impression of every adult male member of 16 years and above of each Kallar family and the names of their families including the children and dependent. • Section 10-1-(b) the names and the left thumb impression of the convicted criminals and those persons who violated the provisions of 10-1-(a). This stifling Criminal Tribes Act was normally intensely contradicted by the free willed Kallar. According to the insights of Kilagudi town, out of

guardianship.

Madurai was a standout amongst the most Criminal Districts in Madras Presidency. The criminal activities were higher than in some other Collectorate .Madurai remained at the leader of all Districts in offenses against the general population serenity, concerning burglaries was second among them, third in the matter of murder and ambushes and steers robberies, fourth in offenses against property and fifth in chargeable manslaughters and dacoities .Very substantial bit of the wrongdoing was carried out by one specific rank, the Kallars, and it isn't excessively to state that if these individuals could by any supernatural occurrence be recovered from their detestable ways, the District would promptly lose the unenviable notoriety it had'. The other criminal stations might be rejected in a couple of words. The Maravans and Agamudaiyars, who were noticeable in the Ramnad and the Zamindars in the north of Tirunelveli did not carry out any genuine wrongdoing in Madurai. The Kuravans and Valaiyans gave some inconvenience in Palani Taluk, the previous being addicts mainly to robbery and the last being brave at dacoities, particularly on the Coimbatore Border. A specific number of meandering groups were by and large named Criminal yet their offer of the wrongdoing was little. The last two, particularly the Togamalai Kuravans were regularly conspicuous at celebrations, where they submitted much insignificant robbery among the explorers. A few other sub-divisions of the Kumvans, for example, those which practice ear-exhausting and bin making, were basic in the District, however they were generally safe people. Criminal Tribes were boundless in various parts of the Madurai District. Kallar, Maravar, Kuravans, Valaiyans, Agamudaiyar, Kammalans and Thottiya Naicks' were the Tribes informed as Criminal Tribes in Madurai. As they were individuals having a place with various regions because of their affirmed contribution in burglary and theft, they were marked Criminal Tribes by the Alien Government.

The usage of the Criminal Tribe Act influenced the Criminal Tribes. This Act was denounced in light of the fact that all individuals from the group were not criminals. It cannot be denied that there were a few criminals in all groups. Since a couple of people in a group were associated with criminal activities, the Government ought not announce the entire group as criminals. With respect to social propensities and monetary status of the groups which were informed as Criminal Tribes, according to the reports of the District Magistrate of Madurai, Kallars and Maravars principally identified with Kaval System. It is additionally discovered that Kaval System was an acknowledged framework in the early British Period. As this Kaval System was more grounded in Madurai, the Colonial Police discovered it was extremely hard to battle them. Henceforth the CTA was executed to kill the Kaval System in rustic Madurai. Subsequently it reasoned that the CTA was passed to control the criminal activities of the groups which were declared as Criminal Tribes. In any case, in all actuality, it was political inspiration. Criminal Tribes were dependent on the methodical commission of non - bailable offenses and in this manner once informed, the individuals from the Tribe had no interest in the court. Accordingly the Notified Criminal Tribes were put to a great deal of hardship and were denied of their own freedom. Individuals from the assigned Criminal Tribe were put outside the arrangements of the conventional law and subjected to concentrated and inconclusive Police Supervision.

The British Raj considered the monetary need as one of the foundations for the violations carried out by the Notified Criminal Tribes. The CTA gave a couple of measures to inspire the financial status of such tribess. The Government built up six settlements for the Notified Criminal Tribes and 5058 individuals were in these settlements. They did the works endowed to them. Helpful Societies, Special Boarding Homes and Schools and various Scholarships were conceded these Tribes. These Kallar Reclamation Schemes were intended to change the criminals and to make them reputable residents. Co-Operative Societies were made under the CTA. These Societies were controlled by the Police, with the help of Special Co-Operative Inspectors deputed by the Co-Operative Department. The sum saved for different intentions was used by the Societies just for proper reason and such finances were taken care of by the Registrar of the Co-Operative Societies, under the supervision of Police and Co-Operative Department Officials. Up to 1939, the Takkavi Loans were conceded for Kallars for buying lands for development and house locales. The District Forest Authorities were approached to give land to Kallars for development. The choice of grounds for task was checked by a Special Revenue Inspector. Such facts showed that the CTA had caused the advancement and improvement of Kallars.

"Yerukalavaru", Sarada, (Telugu Journal) n.p., n.d. 2. M. Kennedy (1985). The Criminal Classes in India, New Delhi. 3. K.S. Singh (1985). Tribal Situation in India, New Delhi. 4. David Hardiman (1987). The Coming of the Devi, Adivasi Assertion in Western India, Madras. 5. Jakka Parthasarathy (1988). The Yerukulas, an ethnographic study, Calcutta. 6. Syed-Siraj-ul-Hassan (1909). The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. The Nizam Dominions, New Delhi. 7. Jeffrey, C.R. (1965). "Criminal behaviour and learning Theory", Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology and Political Science, Vol. LVI, No. III, September, 1965. 8. Pouchepdass, Jacques (1982). "The Criminal Tribes of British India: A Repressive concept in theory and practice", Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. I & II, No.2, New Delhi. 9. Freitag Sandria B. (1991). "Crime in the Social Order of Colonial North India", Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 25, No.2, Cambridge. 10. V. Subbarayan (1949). Forgotten Sons of India, Madras.

LL.M. Qualified, Sec. 5, Panchkula, Haryana, India