Impact of Physico Chemical Factors on Fish and Fisheries

New water is the most valuable asset for the life. Be that as it may, it is the most misused asset moreover. Indeed, out of all out water accessible on the earth, the new water accessibility is simply 3%. It incorporates the groundwater and surface water both. The crisp water accessible superficially is just 1% of it. The Fresh Water assets are being utilized for different purposes, i.e., farming, mechanical, family, recreational, ecological exercises, and so on. For all intents and purposes, these human uses require crisp water. The creative mind of existence without water is unthinkable. The crisp water bodies like streams, lakes, lakes, dams, and so on ought to be kept up appropriately. The contamination of such bodies should be limited. The hydrobiology of the marine environment assumes a significant job in foreseeing, finding and misusing the marine fishery assets. Hydro organic highlights of any beachfront biological system control the phytoplankton network elements by deciding species synthesis, species regularity, species biomass and efficiency biomass Harris 1986). Prevalently, the plank tonic life forms are confined to the neritic zone because of a plenitude of supplements, daylight entrance, and ideal physicochemical attributes of the water segment viz., ocean surface temperature, broke down oxygen, saltiness, hydrogen particle action of the water segment and so forth.. Any of these hydro natural components influencing the microscopic fish efficiency straightforwardly influences the tiny fish feeders, for example, business fishes and soundness of the beachfront environment principally relies upon the tiny fish network. Zooplankton is the essential buyer of the seas and touches on the phytoplankton. Phytoplankton efficiency will decide the zooplankton profitability of any amphibian biological system. Zooplankton themselves go about as imperative sustenance hotspot for enormous marine creatures, for example, sharks, whales, blade fishes and a few types of beams depend on zooplankton for their sustenance by benefiting from copepods zooplankton. The populace of fish and other amphibian living beings are accounted for to be significantly impacted by the hydro natural state of the fishing zone. Fish creation and fish get from normal sources is controlled by three significant factors, for example, 1. Innate situations and atmosphere of a locale, which choose the structure and elements of the biological systems (2. Fishing Other human prompted impedances like contamination, environmental change and so on. on marine condition and atmosphere. The development and appropriation rely upon the conveying limit of the earth, accessibility of the inorganic supplements and the physicochemical parameters of the beachfront waters. Every one of these components thus all things considered helping the fishery assets of the beach front biological system.

When the lengthy coastline of 8129 km and continental shelf of 2.02 mill. km2 had been a major source of Indian marine capture fisheries, the rivers and the reservoirs constructed across them along with the vast lacustrine and floodplain system became the major source of inland capture fisheries. The contribution of marine capture fisheries to the Indian fisheries is lesser (34%) as compared to Inland capture fisheries (38.79%). The lack of proper accounting of the contribution of inland.

In the late spring season the higher DO was watched. It might be because of increment in temperature. The more drawn out days and serious daylight, during summer quickens photosynthesis rate. The Phytoplankton uses Carbon dioxide and radiates oxygen. The Oxygen level is nearly lesser during winter season might be because of lower photosynthesis rate. It is upheld by other studies. The variety in water temperature differs the pH estimation of water. The vast majority of the bio-chemical and chemical responses are affected by the pH estimation of the water body.

The effects of bottom trawling on benthic marine ecosystems are still a pomt of discussion. Investigations by means of experimental trawling showed that trawl fisheries increase the mortality of target and by-catch species, and also of benthic species not caught me the nets by damaging it when the gear passes through The effect of trawling on demersal fish and benthic invertebrates will also depend on the type of fishing gear m relation to the vertical distribution of the species Bottom fishing can reduce the structural complexity of benthic habitats through reducing the abundance of larger bodied epifaunal species Trawling affects the benthic assemblage indirectly by decreasing the abundance of fauna, especially juveniles of many fish and smaller mobile invertebrate species Experimentally it has been shown that species diversity, biomass, and the abundance of especially large, long-lived, epibenthic species, can be significantly lower when exposed to trawling Simultaneously, an mcrease m the abundance of small bodied opportunistic species,

The limnological study of Ballua reservoir, Bhagalpur, Ingram et al. (2015) made interesting study on the relationship of fresh water run-off and phytoplankton response. Seasonal trend in the fluctuation of plankton and physico-chemical factor in Govindgarh lake M.P. and their relationship was studied by Mathw (2015). Planktonic communities and the effect the environmental factors at Nanaksagarreservoir were studied by Salim and Ahmed. Malhotra and Jhingran evaluated thelimnological characteristics of Gularia reservoir. Dutta and Shrivastava (2008) published natural history and systematic of fresh water fishes in India. Seasonal distribution of zooplankton on Adduky reservoir was study by Khatri (2018). In thesame year Nair investigated length-weight relationship in Tilapia mossambicus of Thesame Lake. Wishard and Melhotra (2008) investigated various parameters of water andcorrelated them with the growth of plankton. They established the abundance ofplankton with the particular levels of chemical nature of water. Natrajan (2009) observed the fisheries and population fishes of Ganga river system. Jhingran (2009b) looked into the relationship of limnological status and fish production, its role of the migration in two lakes of Rajasthan. He in (2010) reported the recent advances in fresh water fisheries management. In almost all parts of India and outside of India, good amount of work is available on physico-chemical parameter of water, distribution of plankton, their abundance and troficinter relationship of fresh water aquaculture. Bandhopadhaya (2011) observed growth and production of C. idela, while rearing them in plastics cages. Silver carps werealso observed in relation to their growth and production in cages by Kumararh (2011). The Sukta reservoir near Khandra was studied by Deohi (2002) in context of Mahaseer fish. The limnological features of Munsharover reservoir of Bhopal were reported by Kulshreshta (2002). An over- all plan was adopted at various steps for fisheries development very it stages for fisheries development of Heerakut reservoir as observed by Yadav and Sugnan (2012). Dubey (2014) explained implicitly the scope of fisheries management of major reservoir leanage in Narmada basin in Madhya Pradesh. Ramkrisnan (2014) gave a new idea to develop reservoir as fish sancturries for reaing of endangered fishes. Wahav et al. (2012) studied the bottom feeder carps and common carps theirinter relationship and effect on polyculture. Pawar et al. (2002) studied echthyo fauna of Shiror reservoir and

seasonal fish species, diversity and habitat etc. in Ganga river. Proosti et al. (2007) gave some new addition to fish fauna to Kavala Dew National Park, a world heritage site in India. Sindey (2009), Bibyet al. (2009); Rai (2009) and Jagpath (2009) studied the fish diversity of Ravra river, Viyamkayal Undmannikovar and Beed district, respectively. Vyas et al. (2012) reported the fish biodiversity of Betva river. Choudhary in the same year presented the assessment of fish culture in some fresh water pond of Dhan. Likewise Goor riverof Jabalpur was studied with reference to its fish Biodiversity by Ponical et al. (2012); Adholiya (2009) studied the hydrobiology of river Betwa and fisheries resources. Jain et al. (2005-06) measured physico-chemical parameters of Dubala pond Rahatgarh and hydrobiological characteristics of Sonar river of Sagar. In (2007) theya also reported physico-chemical characteristics of Babus River in Beena. Recent studies in limnology using advanced space technology and laser fluorescence system have been done by a few workers in American and Canada. Strong et al. (2004), have described ‗Chemical Whitening due to calcium carbonate precipitation in lake Michigan by utilizing the data from the NoAA-2 and EPTS-1Satellites. Strong (2008) has studied the ‗Chemical whitening‘ and chlorophyll distribution in the Gnat lake as viewed by Landsat. Reid (2018) used ‗Geostationary operational environmental satellite (GOES) system to collect hydrometric, hydro meteorological and water quality data like water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity and turbidity. Kimmel and Lind (2012) suggested that phytoplankton production is limited by low photophae availability, while Lehn (2002) reported that with increasing phosphate concentration the efficiency of photoplankton production in the basin of lakes decrease logarithmically. He (2005) also noted that with the increase of oxygen the number of phytoplankton increases, Lande (2013) observed that in back water that highest primary production was found in July when the transparency was also high. Casim (2013) concluded that primary production in bark waters is governed by salinity light and nutrients A considerable knowledge has been gained in recent years on the organic production and limnology of natural water bodies but sconty of work is done on the tropical ponds and reservation. A notable contribution in the field of primary productivity has been made by Kana et al. (2010) Singh et al. (2011) Flemmer (2010) and Kloet (2012).Antonio et al. (2009) estimated the growth of pacific sardine in Mexico. Their growth studies more confined to length based only. They relidatco both of types of parameter symptomatic and asymptomatic of length. Environmental factors influence the 2009) tried to measure the age, growth and length ofC. caelorhincus, both in male and female. Length-weight and length-length, fork, standard and total lengths, relationship were derived far Salmo trutta, inhabiting Kanstream, Turkey by Arsalan et al. (2004).

1. To understand the zooplankton population density and its species composition together with the role on the fishery productivity. 2. To estimate the fish catch, fishery productivity patterns in the fishing grounds to estimate the sustainable fish catch of the Tiruchendur coastal waters.

The present investigation depends on the information gathered from Rengali Reservoir from March 1990 to February 1992 covering a time of two years. Plankton tests were gathered at fortnightly interims from three segments of the supply, in particular lentic, intermediate'and lotic by separating 100 liters of surface water through a plankton net made of No. 25 blasting silk. The accumulation was made promptly toward the beginning of the day from two stations in every segment and the tests were preser/ed in 5% formalin. The recognizable proof of plankters were made with the assistance of monographs (Hustedt, 1930; Ramanathari, 1954; Desikchary, 2013 and Gonzalves, 2013) and accessible writing (Gonzalves and Joshi 1946; Krishnamurthy 1*54 Bongale and Bharati, 1980). A Sedgewick Rafter checking cell was utilized lor tallying the planktonic organisms and the plenitude of different species and gatherings were communicated as unit per liter (u).

Plankton populace of the supply is mail ly made out of phytoplankton and zooplankton. Phytoplanki on established 85.03% and 88.18% of the all-out plankton duing the first and second year individually. Zooplankton faired just a minor piece of plankton populace and comprised 14.96% and 11.81% separately during first and second year. The phytoplankton of the store was spoken to by three gatherings: myxophyceae, chlorophyceae and bacillariophyceae arranged by bounty, while zooplankton was made out of protozoa, rotifera, copepoda and cladocera. The arrangement; ton The normal rate composi ition of various planktonic gatherings is spoken. Myxophyceae was the predominant planktonic gathering and established 48.09% of all out plankton and 56 56% of the phytoplankton during first year, while in the second year it framed 47.82% of all out plankton and 54.23% of phytoplankton. The myxophycean populace of the store was spoken to by twenty one animal groups having a place with six genera. The genera experienced arranged by plenitude were Microcys - is, Oscillatoria, Phormidium, Lyngbya, Chroococcus and Anab^ena Microcystis aeruginosa was the prevailing species found during the time of examination pursued by Microcystis, Oscillatoria tenuis, Oscillatoria limosa and Phormidium luridum.

A few hillocks and goliath stones are as yet noticeable inside the reservoir (Plate I). Other than the fundamental stream, two different rivulets Gohira and Mankada void their substance s into the reservoir on either side. The reservoir was topped off during the monsoon of 1985.

The atmosphere of Orissa by and large and the reservoir region specifically is tropical and is represented generally the storms. The reservoir is exposed to extreme sunlit t as it arranged inside the tropics. From October to Ma\ , typically cloudless skies win with the exception of brief span when mists show up during this period brinyiny intermittent shcers* Both South West storm and North East Monsoon wins in the zone. Of the two restricting storms, the soutlwest rainstorm is progressively more grounded and brings the main part of precipitation during the blustery season. During the advances 1 months of April and November serious cyclonic tempests unique e in the Bay of Bengal and hit the abutting coast. Meteors - intelligently three primary seasons are knowledgeable about the diverse t areas of Orissa, to be specific: summer (March-June), rail y (July-October) and winter (November-February). The normal month to month precipitation and greatest and least temperature recorded at Rengali by the experts of rengali dam venture annexedin.

Temperature: The surface water temperature was controlled by a centigrade mercury thermometer graduated up tc 0.1°C. The temperature was recorded following collectior of water sample in a bucket. Thermometer was dipped directly into the water container, kept steadily for about a minute and the temperature was thus noted penetration or Secchdisc transparency. The Secchi disc is made of a circular metal plate of 20cm diameter divided into four equal quadrants and painted alternatively with black and white. The diss was lowered into water and the depth at which it disappears (d) was noted. The disc was then lifted up and the deptn at which it reappeared was noted 2).

dl + d2 .... ---2--- = in cm' gives a measure of light penetratio n or Secchi transparency Conductivity: Conductivity is the limit of water to convey an electrical ebb and flow and shifts both with number and sorts of particles the arrangement contains, which thus s identified with the grouping of ionized substances in the water. Conductivity of the water test was resolved a conductivity meter (Systronics Type 311) and communicated as miniaturized scale mhos/cm.

Dissolved oxygen: Dissolved oxygen was resolved after Winkler's changed technique (Welch, 1948). In this strategy 0.5 ml of Manganous sulfate arrangement was added to the water test pursued by 0.5 ml of basic iodide. Because of compound response oxygen present in the example oxidized the scattered divalent Manganous hydroxide to its higier valency which hastened as a dark colored hydrated oxide. On fermentation, the encourage broke down after few minuses and manganese returned to divalent state and freed iodine from Potassium iodide equal to the first dissol/ed oxygen. Just 50 ml of this arrangement was transfered to a cone shaped cup and titrated with 0.025N sodium thiosulphate utilizing one to three drops of starch arrangement as marker. Calculationml of sodium thiosulphate used x 2 = dissolved oxygen (ppm) Free carbon dioxide: Free carbon dioxide was resolved after Welch (1948). In this technique phenolphthalein was utilized as a marker. To 100 ml of test around 10 droos of phenolphthalein marker was included and titrated against N/40 sodium hydroxide. Free carbon dioxide respond with sodium hydroxide to frame sodium bicarbonate. Culmination of the response was shown by the improvement of pink shading because of the nearness of phenolphthalein. Count No. of ml of N/44 sodium hydroxide required x 10 = ppm of free carbondioxide. 4.3.3.3 joH: The pH of the water test was resolved

Total alkalinity: Alkalinity of the example was resolved after (Welch,1948). In this strategy to 100ml of test 4 drops of phenolphthalein pointer was included and titrated against N/50 sulfuric corrosive until pink shading ust vanished. To another 100ml of test 4 drops of methyl orange pointer was included and after that titrated against 1/50 sulfuric corrosive. Count P = No.of ml N/50 H2SO4 in titration with phenolpn - halein X 10 = phenolphthalein alkalinity. M = No. of ml N/50 H2S04 in titration with merbyl orange x 10 = methyl orange alkalinity. T = entirety of P and M = all out alkalinity. In every one of the cases during the time of investigaion P

A solid situation is essential for any living thing, since life depends on the continuation of an authentic exchange of fundamental substances and energies between the animals and its condition. Water has an intriguing spot on planet as it supports life on earth. The entire surface of life is woven around it. Man uses this noteworthy resource accumulated in mechanical improvement and unconstrained urbanization. This critical resource forever has been sullied to a point of crisis. The opposing impact is felt on the remarkable physical and chemical properties of water. The fish and distinctive living creatures that have these repositories are in like manner influenced which in this way impact the components of the vault. Nature of water is huge for drinking, water framework, fish creation, entertainment and various purposes. The water quality disintegrating in repositories ordinarily results from maturation, significant metal debasement, natural contamination, unpalatable fishing practices and super supplement information that prompts eutrophication. The impacts of these imports into the store not simply influence the money related components of the archive conversely, yet furthermore lead to the loss of fundamental biodiversity of the supply. The physico-chemical properties of water quality assessment offer an authentic hint of the status, productivity and supportability of a water body. The modifications in the physicochemical traits like temperature, straightforwardness and chemical parts of water, for instance, broke up oxygen, nitrate and phosphate give significant information on the idea of the water, the source (s) of the assortments and their impacts on the limits and biodiversity of the store.

Plankton populaceof the store is mail ly made out of phytoplankton and zooplankton. Phytoplanki on I 97 ) established 85.03% and 88.18% of the all out microscopic fish during the first and second year separately. Zooplankton fo:~ir.ed just a minor piece of microscopic fish populace and established 14.96% and 11.81% separately during first and second year. The phytoplankton of the supply was spoken to by three gatherings: myxophyceae, chlorophyceae and bacillariophyceae arranged by wealth, while zooplankton was made out of protozoa, rotifera, copepoda and cladocera. The arrangement; ton populace of the supply was seen to be made out of 69 species having a place with 45 genera. The normal rate structure of various planktonic gatherings is spoken to in Fig.5.1 and the month to month bounty of various planktonic species is appeared in Myxophyceae : Myxophyceae was the overwhelming planktonic gathering and comprised 48.09% of all out tiny fish and 56 56% of the phytoplankton during first year, while in the second year it shaped 47.82% of complete microscopic fish and 54.23% of phyto-tiny fish. The myxophycean Microcys - is, Oscillatoria, Phormidium, Lyngbya, Chroococcus and Anabena Microcystis aeruginosa was the predominant species found during the time of examination pursued by Microcystis, Oscillatoria tenuis, Oscillatoria limosa and .Phormidium luridum.

The period of the formation of cortical alveoli occurs in the fall in the asp, white-eye bream, roach (including its stocks in the Lake Balaton), ide and nase. In the 3-4 months preceding spawning, already developed cells in the stage of vitellogenesis develop further. This is not an increase in their numbers but rather in size. Results on the changes in GSI and oocyte diameters confirm earlier observations that the asp, white-eye bream, roach, ide and nase are singlespawner species. Not only quantitative changes are present in the ovary of the barbel in the late fall and Winter months as shown by the significant increase of GSI values. The number of cells in the stage of cortical alveoli has significantly decreased between October and April while the number of oocytes in the stage of vitellogenesis has increased. This qualitative change means that the formation of vesicles finishes in the cells in the stage of cortical alveoli and the process of vitellogenesis starts. In the barbel and the white bream (including those in the Lake Balaton) formation of cortical alveoli continues in the spring moths. This period is characterized by quantitative as well as qualitative changes, meaning a transition from one stage to knowledge of reproductive processes of individual species allows the precise timing of induced spawning of riverine species and ensures the period of brood stock capture and maintenance. This is considered an important trait at a fish farm. Precise timing allows the reduction of stress on the brood stock to be spawned.

1. Achuthankutty C. T., M. Madhupratap, V. R. Nair, S. R. S. Nair and T. S. S. Rao (1980). Zooplankton biomass and composition m the western Bay of Bengal rinnng late southwest monsoon Ind J Mar Sci, 9: pp. 201-206. 2. Aebischer, N.J., J.C. Coulson, and J.M. Colebrook (1990). Parallel long-term trends across four marine trophic levels and weather Nature, 347, pp. 753-755 3. Angel, M.V. (1993). Biodiversity of the Pelagic Ocean Conservation Biology 7(4), pp. 760-772 4. Anmgen, G. G. (1968). Hydrology of the inshore waters of Karwar Bay during 1964-1966 Ind J Fish, 15, pp. 155-165. 5. Anon (1988). Report of the study group on the effects of bottom trawling ICES C M 1988/B 56, Fish Capture committee, pp. 30 6. Anoop A. K., P. K. Knshnakumar and M. Rajagopalan (2007). Trichodesmium erythraeum '(Ehrenberg) bloom along the southwest coast of India (Arabian Sea) and its impact on trace metal concentrations m seawater Estuar Coastal and Shelf Sci, 71(3-4) pp. 641-646 7. Ansan, Z. A., A.H. Parulekar, S.N. Harkantra and N. Ayyappan (1977). Shallow water macrobenthos along the west coast of India Mahasagar, 10 (3 & 4) pp. 123-127 8. Ansan, Z. A., R. A. Sreepada, A Kanti, and Gracias (1994). Macrobenthic assemblages m the soft sediment of Marmagao harbour, Goa (central west coast of India) IndianJ Mar Sci, 23, pp. 225-231 9. Ansan, Z. A. (1977). Macrobenthos of Cochin backwaters Mahasagar, 10 (3 & 4) pp. 169-171

(Ed18) Amencan Public Health Association, Washington D C, 522pp 11. Amtz, W. and W. Weber (1970). Cypnna islandica (Mollusca Bivalvia) als Nahrung von Dorschund Kliescheinder Kieler Bucht, Benchteder Deutschen Wissenschaftlichen Kommision fur Meeresforschung, pp. 21193-209.

Research Scholar of OPJS University, Churu, Rajasthan