A Study on Male and Female group in Gender Equality in Haryana

Though male and female possess similar qualities, but they are considered different as a result of their biological and physiological make up. Gender related prejudices have put females in a disadvantageous position in almost all walks of life. Such as, in the allocation of social, economic and their reproductive roles, female are deprived of opportunities for access to education, training, skill development, decision making both at personal and social levels. When females are deprived of opportunities for meaningful participation in public life, development loses its direction. This discrimination and socio-economic position of females speaks about gender biases. Gender equality in work force participation in economic activities is not only a social or gender justice issue and a measure of equal participation; it is an important component for economic development. Inequality in access to development resources and in work opportunities between males and females results in lower contribution to development by females, who are half of the labour force. There are large disparities in the economic, social and schooling opportunities available to men and women in India. Gender disparities begin early in life, with female infants having a lower chance of survival than male infants, owing largely to parental neglect of female infants. The discrimination against the female continues as the child grows older –first in the form of smaller rations of food and nutrition (especially for higher-order females) and later in the form of fewer schooling opportunities relative to boys. As women enter the labour force, they face discrimination in the labour market as well, primarily in the form of lower wages. There are marked regional differences with respect to gender disparity within the country. This paper focuses on gender disparities in Inter-district comparison in the areas of health, education, status of women and social opportunities have been done. Discrimination on the basis of ‗gender‗ has been observed in all spheres of human interests including the granting of land rights by the state (Acharya, 2003), intra-household allocation of food and resources Acharya and Patkar, 2007) and payment of wages and remunerations (Agarwal Meenakshi, 2007). Gender inequality in India refers to health, education, economic and political inequalities between men and women in India Various international gender inequality indices rank India differently on each of these factors, as well as on a composite basis, and these indices are controversial. Gender inequalities, and its social causes, impact India's sex ratio, women's health over their lifetimes,

some gender equality measures, place men at a disadvantage. However, when India's population is examined as a whole, women are at a disadvantage in several important ways. Though male and female possess similar qualities, but they are considered different as a result of their biological and physiological make up. Gender related prejudices have put females in a disadvantageous position in almost all walks of life. Such as, in the allocation of social, economic and their reproductive roles, female are deprived of opportunities for access to education, training, skill development, decision making both at personal and social levels. When females are deprived of opportunities for meaningful participation in public life, development loses its direction. This discrimination and socio-economic position of females speaks about gender biases. Gender equality in work force participation in economic activities is not only a social or gender justice issue and a measure of equal participation; it is an important component for economic development. Inequality in access to development resources and in work opportunities between males and females results in lower contribution to development by females, who are half of the labour force. No society can exploit its full potential for development using capabilities only half of its population. Until recently, it was assumed that development was gender-neutral-that both males and females could benefit equally from development, and the benefits of development interventions spread evenly across the society. This has now shown to be a myth. The historical legacy of gender inequality in all societies across the world implies that there is no ―level playing field.‖

Study Area – Some Selected District of Haryana like a Ambala, Kurukshetra, Karnal, Panipat, Sonipat, Faridabaad, Sirsa, Hisar, Bhiwani, Rohtak Etc. Haryana is a state located in the northern part of the country and has New Delhi as its neighbor along with Punjab and Rajasthan. The state of Haryana is confine within 27 º 39‗ to 30º 35‗ North Latitude and between 74º 28‗ to 77º 36‗ East longitude. Haryana shares its capital with the state of Punjab. Haryana has often been criticized for its low sex ratio. The Population of Haryana according to the census (2011) stands at about 25 million, making it the 17th most populated state in India. The state is spread over an area of about 44212 sq. km., making it the 20th largest state in the country in terms of area. The density of population per sq. km. is about 570 which is above the national average. The literacy rate in the state is about 76.64% that has improved tremendously in the last few years due to the consistent efforts of the government. publication of Visaria‘s (1967, 1968) work which conclusively showed that higher female than male mortality was the principal cause of the male-heavy character of the Indian population. Subsequent research showed that the sex differential in child mortality was a substantial, probably the largest, contributor to India‘s abnormally high sex ratio in the recent past. A number of studies found that girls received less medical care than boys and that health dysfunctioning was tolerated more in the case of girls than boys. It was the neglect of female children, especially when they fell sick, rather than some phenomenon of hidden female infanticide, that was primarily responsible for the female disadvantage in child survival. There was also evidence of selective discrimination against girls by birth order. Das Gupta (1987) found that in the Punjab the second and third daughters of well- educated mothers were more than twice as likely to die before their fifth birthday as their brothers, regardless of their birth order. The female disadvantage in child survival (measured as the excess of female deaths over male deaths by age 5), however, has been declining in India in recent years, declining from 11.3 per thousand in 1981 to 6.4 per thousand in 1991, to 1.03 per thousand in 2001. Child mortality itself (defined as the probability of dying by age 5) also registered a major decline from about 157 per thousand in 1981 to 101 per thousand in 1991, to 70 per thousand in 2001. The ratio of female to male child mortality declined from 1.07 in 1981 to 1.06 in 1991, to 1.04 in 2001. There has at the same time been a fall in adult female mortality rates relative to male adults. Taken all age groups together, the overall survival chances of females in India are now higher than those of males. Life expectancy at birth for both males and females has been increasing, but the gains for females have been much greater than for males in the past few years. In the early years of the 20th century, the overall life expectancy was around 20 years. By 1961, this had risen to 41.3 years (41.9 for males, 40.6 for females). There was an increase to 61.9 years by 2000 (61 for males, 62.7 years for females). The figures for 2009 show life expectancy at 69.89 years, with that for males being at 67.46 years and for females at 72.61 years. This increase in female life expectancy should, in due course, be reflected in a lowering of the sex ratio. However, in recent years another upward influence on the sex ratio has emerged: selective abortions of female fetuses, and the sex ratio of the population in the age group birth to 6 years has registered a major increase from 103.95 in 1981 to 105.82 in 1991, to 107.87 in 2001 and 109.41 in 2011. So while the overall sex ratio declined between 2001 and 2011 from 107.18 to 106.38 (see Table 1), the sex ratio of the population aged 0- 6 has seen a significant increase. The most comprehensive analysis of the behaviour of the sex ratio over time in India is that by Bhat (2002) He noted that ―in the first half of the last

increase at adult ages, especially at age 40 and over‖. After independence (in 1947), the increase had mainly been at ages below 15. Following a careful reading of the evidence, Bhat‘s conclusion was that the rise in the sex ratio until 1951 was mainly because of the control of famines that used to take heavier toll of older men than women. Control of famines and declines in starvation-related deaths meant that fewer of these men were dying than before. ―Thus it was not really females who went additionally missing‖ during this period, ―but it appeared so because older men do not succumb to starvation as they did before‖. However, there was clear evidence that, after 1981 the sex ratio at birth had altered, pointing to the prevalence of sex selective abortions.

According to the Global Gender Gap Report released by the World Economic Forum (WEF) in 2011, India was ranked 113 on the Gender Gap Index (GGI) among 135 countries polled. Since then, India has improved its rankings on the World Economic Forum's Gender Gap Index (GGI) to 105/136 in 2013. When broken down into components of the GGI, India performs well on political empowerment, but is scored to be as bad as China on sex selective abortion. India also scores poorly on overall female to male literacy and health rankings. India with a 2013 ranking of 101 had an overall score of 0.6551, while Iceland, the nation that topped the list, had an overall score of 0.8731 (no gender gap would yield a score of 1.0). The objective of this research is to examine the inter district disparity or inequality between men and women in the entire state Haryana. The analysis of the above objective is based on the some selected variables like literacy rate, sex ratio and work participation based on secondary data from census of Haryana. All 21 district of Haryana are considered in the study. The secondary data had collected from the various sources like Report of Census of India, District census handbook and Statistical abstract Haryana.

The Gender Equality, Inequality variables like Literacy rate, sex ratio and work participation rate are discussed as below:-

Literacy is one of the main components of socio-economic development of an area or country. It is also one of the main components of Human Development Index (HDI) with life expectancy and per capita income. There is a strong empirical correlation between literacy and life expectancy (Agency for International Development, 2004). In international write at least a simple message in any language (Aggarwal and Jain, 2000). Differences in female and male literacy rates are one aspect of this broader phenomenon of gender-based inequality in India. In Haryana maximum literacy rate is in Gurgaon district (84.44%). Mewat district is having minimum literacy rate (56.14%) and minimum female literacy rate is also in Mewat District is (37.58%) in the state in 2011. The work force participation in a country/state is the proportion of working population to total population. In general, the total work participation rate has shown an increasing trend from 1981 onwards. An inter-district data on work participation rate by residence has been shown in table-1. It is clear from the data that the work participation rate which was 31.63 percent in 1981has increased to 39.62 percent in 2001.The increase in work participation rate is more perceptible in rural areas than in urban areas. Work participation rate in rural areas was 42.93 percent in 2001 as against 32.30 percent in urban areas. The reason is easy to understand. Work opportunities in agricultural sector and allied activities are more in rural areas than in urban areas. Moreover, primary sector can provide work even to unskilled and illiterate persons. Therefore work participation rate in rural areas is more than in urban areas. As per 2001 census, work participation rate is highest in Fatehabad (45.03) followed by Jhajjar (47.32) and is lowest in Ambala (31.99) preceded by Yamuna Nagar (32.31).

The mortality rate of females tend to exceed those of males until the late twenties, and even till the late thirties in some states, and this-- as known from the experiences of other countries, is very much in contrast with what tends to happen when men and women receive similar nutritional and health care.

Women‗s participation in the labour force has long been central to research on gender inequalities. In Haryana working participation rate is low but we can say that there is improvement in participation rate. The total work participation rate in percent of male and female.

Paper found that Male and Female group in Gender Equality in Haryana ,There are regional disparities in distribution of the sex ratio. It is noticed that sex ratio is low in Panchkula, Gurgaon and Faridabad due to nearness of Chandigarh and Delhi or due to industrial development in migration rate is high in these districts. The participation of females in economic activities, particularly outside the home, is often considered as an important enabling factor in the economic and social independence of females. Not only can employment be a source of empowerment, but it can also help to give females a sense of self-worth. The data provided by various census reports and Human Development Report, 2001, Haryana clearly shows that there is gender bias in employment. On analyzing trends of work participation rate it can be concluded work participation rate has been increasing for males as well for females. On only this the data on work participation rate indicates that an increase in female work participation has been more than in male work participation rate. But an analysis of data on female work participation as main and marginal workers shows that a large percentage of female workers i.e. 94 percent are working only as marginal workers. It makes clear that work opportunities have not been equally distributed among males and females. Moreover whatever are available do not provide equal status to females. The same fact is also brought out through equally distributed work participation index, which has shown that not in any of the districts the value of index of closer to one, indicating equal distribution of work opportunities among male and female population.

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