Family Violence and Depression in Wives of Alcoholics and Nonalcoholics

Violence "the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community, which either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment, or deprivation" defined by world health organization. The different forms of abuse can also occur in a range of relationships and contexts. Some examples of various types of family violence are intimate partner violence, child abuse, and neglect, elder abuse, violence based on so-called "honor" and forced. Family violence includes many different forms of physical and emotional abuse, as well as neglect carried out by family members or intimate partners. It may include a single act of violence or a number of acts that form a pattern of abuse. Family violence can have serious-and sometimes fatal-consequences for victims and for those who see or hear the violence. Depression (Coleman 1984) where the individual is down all the time, the depression is called unipolar. Where are definite cycles of mood, depression is called bipolar. The up or manic phase of bipolar depression may be expressed in euphoric verbal behavior, very high self-esteem and absence of sleep to name a few correlated behaviors. Depression seems to have a precipitating event (reactive depression), involving loss (death or loss of a friend, jobless), separation (divorce, graduation) or new responsibilities (new job or home). However, depression may arise without any apparent triggering external event (endogenous depression). Various theories have been proposed to account for the occurrence of depression number of investigators have pointed out that depression may result from the physical or emotional separation of an infant from its mother Spitz (1945) demonstrated the validity of this thesis is a study of infants separated from their mothers through hospitalization. Similarly, depressive states in primates have been found in infant monkeys separated from their mothers (Harlow et al., 1971). Since an attachment has been formed, separation results in heightened arousal greater attachment to the learned, for object and a diminished· ability to relate to available objects or acquire new skills (Bowlby 1969).

Berg, J., Kremelberg, D., et. al. (2011) the result reveled alcohol use leads frome physical and verbal abuse to emotional and sexual violence in marriage.

Gandhi, R., Suther, A. & Rathod J. (2017) found that there are significant between depression and anxiety among spouse wives of men with alcohol use disorder compared with wives of men without alcohol use disorder Padmavati, P., Jemila I., Devi J., et. al. (2014) the result revealed that there is a positive co-relation between co –dependent and depression in wives of alcoholics. Thilagavathi, K., Westley,D., et. al. (2015) The result revealed that there was no significant differences between problem based by wives of alcoholic and selected demographic variable such as age education ,occupation and pattern of drinking except economically problems and alcoholics effected their wives mentally and physicaly & economically.

1. To study the family violence in wives of alcoholics and non-alcoholics. 2. To study the depression in wives of alcoholics and non-alcoholics.

1. There will be significant difference in the level of family violence in wives of alcoholics and non-alcoholics. 2. There will be significant difference in the level of depression in wives of alcoholics and non-alcoholics.

100 subjects were selected for this study. The subjects were divided into two groups Out of which 50 subjects were the wives of alcoholics and 50 were the wives of non-alcoholics. Subjects were selected from Meerut City (U.P.).

The experimental design for this study was one factor design. The independent variable was alcohol varied at two levels that is alcoholics and non-alcoholics. There were two depended variables, the first

• Family violence scale – Constructed by Rai and Amrita. The co-efficient of reliability was determined by using test- retest method (N=100). Spearman's Rank Difference correlation between the test & retest scores was +0.76. The validity coefficient of the FVS was determined by Lawshe's Content Validity Ratio (CVR) Method was +0.77. • Back Depression Inventory (BDI-II)- Constructed by Beck. The BDI-II is a self- administered 21 items self-report scale measuring supposed manifestations of depression. This Inventory was constructed by Beck. Reliability the BDI-II test- retest correlation of .92 was significant (P <.001) and Content Validity of BDI-II was .66 (P <.001).

After establishing good rapport with subjects a very cooperative and healthy environment was developed. There after FVS and BDI-II scale was distributed to the subjects individually. They were advised to read out the instructions carefully which were given at front page. The subjects were requested to clear their doubts, if any. The Subjects were instructed to fill the test. After all administration the inventories were taken back from all the subjects. In the end thanks were paid to all the subjects for their cooperation.

RESULTS:

One factor design was used in this study. MEAN, SD, and t-test were used to analyze the data. Results have been presented in table 1.1and 1.2. Mean scores are also shown through bar diagrams.

Table – 1.3

The first hypothesis was ―There will be significant difference in the level of family violence in wives of alcoholics and non-alcoholics‖ . In this study t-value for the family violence was 7.09 .This value is greater than the table value at 0.01 level of significance. The mean value of family violence in wives of alcoholics is 54.54 and non-alcoholics is 31.6. It indicates that the wives of alcoholics suffer more family violence than wives of non-alcoholics . The reason may be that people who are addicted of alcohol. They fight, beat and also carry the mental and physical violence with his wives. Wives of alcoholics also have financial problems. The second hypothesis is ―There will be significant difference in the level of depression in wives of alcoholics and non-alcoholics‖. In this study t-value alcoholics is 34.28 and non-alcoholics is 15.96. It indicates that the wives of alcoholics are more depressed then non alcoholic‘s wives. The reason may be wives of alcoholics are always in tension, worried, agony, ambivalence and frustrated just because of their husband drinking behavior. So the wives always be pre-occupied with their home activities and try to keep away from society .They do not like to share their emotions. Thus gradually they are losing their psychological balance. Depression anxiety and stress may appear in their behavior.

The aim of present study was to find out the level of family violence and depression in wives of alcoholics and non-alcoholics. Result indicated that the wives of alcoholics have more frustration, depression, anxiety, loneliness, aggression, physical injury, suicidal ideation tendency as compare to the wives of non-alcoholics. Non alcoholic‘s wives never face these types of problems..

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Wagman, J., Donta, B., Ritter, J., Naik, D.D., Nair, S., Saggurti, N., Raj, A., & Silverman, J.G. (2018). Husband`S alcohol use intimate partner violence , and family maltreatment of low -income postpartum women in Mumbai india . journal of interpersonal violence, 33 (14) pp. 2241-2267 (pubmed mobile ) webside google scholar. Berg, J., Kremelberg, D., Dwivedi, P., Verma, S., Schensul, J., Gupta, K., Chandran, D. & Singh, S. (2011). The effects of husband‘s alcohol consumption on married women in three low-income areas of greater Mumbai, journal of the ai ds behave, 14 (1), pp. 126-135.

Research Scholar, Department of Psychology, C.C.S. University (Campus), Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India mamtaranimrt@gmail.com