Analyzing Postmodernism and Multiculturalism in 2 States

Postmodern literature is a type of literature which is stamped, both stylistically and ideologically, by a reliance on such literary traditions as fragmentation, paradox, untrustworthy narrators, regularly unrealistic and out and out impossible plots, recreations, spoof, neurosis, dim humor and authorial self-reference. Postmodern creators tend to dismiss inside and out meanings in their books, stories and ballads, and, rather, feature and celebrate the likelihood of different meanings, or a total absence of significance, inside a solitary literary work. Postmodern literature likewise regularly rejects the boundaries among 'high' and 'low' types of art and literature, just as the refinements between various classifications and types of composing and narrating. Contemporary social scientists have defined the wonder of the conjunction of various cultures in indistinguishable geographical space from 'Multiculturalism'. Culture, the term is imperative to comprehend so as to decipher Multiculturalism unmistakably. A.L. Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn (1952) in their work, "Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions" refered to 164 meanings of culture, going from "learned conduct" to "ideas in the brain", "a legitimate develop", "a statistical fiction", "a mystic guard mechanism, etc. On the off chance that culture is conduct, clearly it turns into the topic of brain research; in this manner, Kroeber and Kluckhohn reasoned that culture "is a deliberation from solid conduct yet not conduct in itself". Waldron (1995) has given an increasingly flexible perspective on culture stressing that cultures are dynamic in nature; they are persistently over-lapping, creating and trading each other. As per this view, "there is a melange of cultures as individuals move between cultures by getting a charge out of the open doors that each gives" (Waldron, 1996). The idea of 'Multiculturalism' is defined in two different ways first, as a graphic idea it describes a general public where an assortment of cultures exist together. As indicated by the Oxford Dictionary of English, the word 'Identity' originated in the late sixteenth century from the Latin word 'idem' which signifies 'same'. Apart from denoting "the reality of being who or what an individual is," the term likewise means "a nearby proclivity or similarity". Taking mental base in record, two sorts of identity is detailed: - Personal and Social Identity. Personal Identity is a unitary and persistent awareness of "One's identity". An individual's identity is his or her very own feeling of self though social identity is an individual's feeling of their identity dependent on their gathering membership(s). There exists interdependency among social and personal identity, particularly in reference to continuity of identity in spatiotemporal foundation.

Inspite of dealing with the unsympathetic substances of life his works regulate to retain the unadulterated comical inclination. His works have striking similarities with anecdotes in anticipating moral messages, divine guidance and specialized suggestions. Alongside that his works can all the more likely be defined as postmodern projection of

Consequently, the present paper depends on those issues as it were. Yatri D. Dave in her keen article, Culture of Consumerism as Reflected in Chetan Bhagat's One Night @ the Call Center, focuses the trends and techniques of current world. She examines that the novel deals with Consumerism which tells the best way to attract clients while moving their items. Chetan's style of writing is basic, lucid and striking with graphic descriptions and straight stories. The vast majority of the heroes in his books are named after Lord Krishna, for example, Shyam, Krishna, Hari, Govind and Madhav. Bhagat is viewed as a youth symbol as opposed to being only a creator. With his incredible and humorous method for depicting stories, he has encouraged the propensity for perusing in numerous youthful Indians. As indicated by him, books are ideal gadgets for both inspiration and amusement and through which he disseminates his perspectives and opinion about society and youth.

It is the anecdote about a couple originating from two distinct states in India, who faces hardships in convincing their folks to approve of their marriage. The story starts in the IIM Ahmedabad mess lobby, where Krish, a Punjabi kid from Delhi catches sight of an excellent young lady, Ananya, a Tamilian from Chennai. They progress toward becoming companions inside a couple of days and get romantically included. After their work they make serious arrangements for their commitment. At first Krish attempts to persuade Ananya's folks by helping Ananya's dad to do his first PowerPoint Presentation, her sibling, Manju, by giving him IIT educational cost and later convinces her mother by requesting that her sing in a concert composed by Krish's office, that is Citi Bank. She is persuaded as her greatest dream of singing at a major concert works out; she chimes in with S. P. Balasubrahmanyam and Hariharan. At that point they attempt to persuade Krish's mother. Be that as it may, the issue shows up when his mom's relatives dismiss the possibility of their commitment. They opine that Krish ought not wed a Tamilian but rather winds up agreeing with them when Ananya endeavors to help one of Krish's cousins to get hitched and prevails to do as such. Krish has had a solid contempt for his dad. He neither offers his feelings nor keeps an agreeable attachment with him. Presently as they have persuaded both their folks they currently attempt to present each other's folks. They go to Goa. In any case, this fantasy of theirs breaks as Ananya's folks smell something suspicious between Krish's mother and him. Ananya's family winds up deciding that Krish and Ananya won't wed one another. Be that as it may, finally, Krish's dad, who resembled an enemy for Krish, encourages Krish and Ananya to get hitched as he convinces Ananya's family effectively. Presently Krish and Punjabi cultures. The tale closes with Ananya bringing forth twin young men. Bhagat states that the twin young men have a place with a state called 'India'; Bhagat clarifies that his youngsters will be recognized just as Indians not by the tag of any religion or state. He remarks: They will be Indian. The epic records the supreme soul of nationalism. It depends on the social and desirous undertakings of two fundamental characters – Ananya Swaminathan and Krish Malhotra. The epic is unique in its substance, which endeavors to join two states as well as two conventions and cultures. It endeavors to represent the general population of the country just as Indians not founded on standing, religion or state and so on. This is the main thing the writer ventures to illuminate the youth of his nation.

Chetan Bhagat has constantly concurred that he isn't literary. Striking a harmony with the majority, youths in particular (Time Magazine has Bhagat in the Top 100 rundown of World's most influential individuals) has been his specialty. Like its forerunners 2 States is written in lucid prose and direct accounts. His vivified and enthusiastic narrating comes through wherever whether it is his magnificently recognizable descriptions of an Indian city with its typical components "like automobiles, stuffed open transports, bothered traffic cops and tiny shops that sold basic needs" or conflicting emotions between the place that is known for paranthas and paneer and the place that is known for idlis and dosas.. His humor is taking care of business in uncovering the stuck-up demeanor of Indians in regards to their very own culture through Krish and Ananya's folks and furthermore his caustic burrow at the corporate universe of "overpaid assistants" who attempt and sound smart and intelligent just to trick individuals. Be that as it may, it must be said that Bhagat has transparently acknowledged wherein his locale's blame lies and has additionally uncovered that of the young lady's side yet he does it affectionately, not with annoyance. He can be philosophical now and again - "The world's most sensible individual and the greatest bonehead both remain inside us." In an Indian love marriage, when everybody jumps aboard, one miracle if there is any adoration left." True for what it's worth, Bhagat's Krish and Ananya in spite of all the chances do prevail upon the hearts of their kin. Regardless of whether they succeed to seal this success with the tag of marriage behind them is for you perusers to see.

It has been found in books that a particular sort of Identity is created, which helps diverse traits all through the novel and in this manner end up conveying the theme of the novel to the perusers. These themes could run from rush to satire or essentially from a social issue to a personal dilemma. Multiculturalism in books is additionally constructed and created by the utilization of particular characters. Fatima Felemban (2012) in her exploration paper titled "Etymological Strategies and the Construction of Identity in My Name is Salma by Fadia Faqir" contends that Faqir in her novel "My Name is Salma" has constructed and represented her identity as an Arab Bedouin Muslim through her real character, Salma. Further, scientist Collin Jerome and Su-Hie-Ting (2015) in their Conference Paper "Diverse Construction of Identities in Contemporary Malaysian Literature: Challenges in deconstructing and Teaching Literature" affirm that issues relating to identity have dependably been salient in ethnically and culturally plural country states, for example, Malaysia. Development of Identity focusing on multicultural aspect is troublesome and on the off chance that it is done in a setting where the journalists are confronting dilemma given the socio-political conditions affecting their crafts, callings, freedom of expression, and identity, it brings a special concern. Michelle Loris (2007) in his academic article "Utilizing the Novel to Teach Multiculturalism" affirms the utilization of books dependent on Multiculturalism in evoking awareness with respect to issues germane to multicultural education. While teaching individuals and so far as that is concerned especially the understudies, perusing such books builds up a realization of normal humanity with every one of the general population, just as comprehension of and regard for multicultural society.

"Code-switching" with different sub-classifications is utilized to construct distinctive identities with various culture leanings. The principal category is, "Credit Words", these are English words acquired from the Tamil language and are composed with normal text styles. The second category is, "Untranslated Words", these are written in Italics and are not made an interpretation of, which means is to be speculated by the reader. "Terms of location", these terms incorporate both credit and untranslated words. "Things of attire", it reflects identity as a Tamilian. These things incorporate - Lungi, veshti. There is reference to Punjabis' most vital clothing 'Pagdi' yet with the utilization Food is a social marker by which people are recognized. Diverse sorts of sustenance pongal, oonjal. Indeed, even there is a variant of Tamilian mixed drink – Kothamalli Marry of English word that is 'turban'. "Social representation and connoting rehearses" is another technique used to construct multiculturalism in the novel. Punjabi culture isn't a culture of language, the same number of non-Hindi states are. It depends on frame of mind that has made certain activities its identity. Punjabi the language bears close similarity with Hindi and along these lines very little of distinction can be taken note. Contrast can be seen from the perception that Punjabis have created on the basis of their culture. As appeared in the novel essential qualities of Punjabi culture can be whole up as: foodie, uproarious, cheerful, and emotional. It is essential to note here that these qualities are enjoyed to the extraordinary by Punjabis. At this dimension, the examination is done in two different ways. One is to find the functional alternate extremes in the text and second is to see the negotiation of importance between the writer and the reader. Alternate extremes are obvious in the juxtaposition of two states and their cultures as such. Punjabi culture is portrayed as boisterous, foodie, substantial hearted and cash flaunters, while Tamil culture is appeared advanced literate segment, devoted to separation and quietness. In the novel, even the home-culture of two states is set in inverse - Punjabis v/s Tamilians. As Ananya makes reference to herself about her family that they don't talk at home with the exception of about issues like news; it obviously underlines the quiet kept up at home. Though in a Punjabi home, quietness will straight away clue towards a noteworthy mis-happening that has occurred in the family. The show message of the text is by all accounts couple in affection struggling for their marriage however on uncloaking the dormant message, which means is observed to be significant and complex. The text portrays a chain of needs that is generally followed in Indian society for building perception. The chain that 'ought to be' pursued might be: humanity - country - person. What is followed in the novel – everything starts from religion and culture of a person to relatives pleasing endeavors, at that point some similarity for nationhood and humanity is basically untreated. The writer has moved toward the text in a subtle mocking structure in order to make individuals snicker on perusing its unpleasant side. There gives off an impression of being the technique that on the off chance that you need to tell individuals reality, you should make them chuckle, else you may welcome individuals to slaughter you. The issue of

from levitating in blame. Paradigmatic dimension of investigation besides searches for financial aspects of this present reality and the universe of the novel. The epic is written in the year 2009 yet there is similarity between the timeframe appeared in the novel and the period in which the writer completed his degree from IIMA. The financial aspect of these two timespans merits looking at and analyzing. The creator, Chetan Bhagat completed his education from IIMA in 1997 and it's critical to note here that the period saw the approach of advances which expedited its very own complexities the socio-social front. Financially, India opened itself for the universal business with the appropriation of New Economic Policies in 1991 and socially it assumed control over the nation into another stage. It was hard to gain admittance to new innovation and to utilize the accessible innovation legitimately was a burdensome assignment. This has been depicted in the novel on numerous occasions utilizing instances of portable, modest call rates around evening time, control point presentation, web attraction and substantially more. Indeed, even the issues like settlement, as tackled in the novel were increasingly prevalent amid that period.

Theme starts things out as "it is the starting point for the message" and thematically the text of '2 States' approves itself creatively. From the earliest starting point till the end, the story deals with the multicultural issues of the two states and how these are being surpassed by the two souls in adoration. Two people in affection, two cultures conversely and toward the end, union that successes hearts as well as social contrasts. This approves the thematic construction of the novel '2 States'.

True occasions of the creator's life, chronicled continuation can be effectively understood by the concealed signs quietly pointing it. As in the novel '2 States' when Krish revives the most excruciating section of his past, it essentially connects the readers with the follow up of a verifiable chain that is some place connected to his past composed novel "Five point somebody". In addition, the time of the construction of both the books likewise underpins this continuity. "Five point somebody" was written in 2004 while '2 States' was written in 2009. Regardless of the continuity in this way found among the two books, there is tremendous variation that is seen in the region of story execution, language stylistic layout and maturity. the principle character of the novel is the storyteller. Considering the psychoanalytic investigation of the text, it very well may be expressed dependent on the examination that Krish, the primary hero is experiencing certain mental issues and is seeking delight through oppressive barrier mechanism. This deteriorates as he experiences an intense love misfortune in his life. He is even appeared on glad medications to overlook and dispose of what he calls as dark opening area. Three distinct characters in the novel go about as psychoanalysts for his mental issues. The main Psychoanalyst, Dr. Neeta Iyer is really appeared as a Psychotherapist in the novel. Krish has been alluded to her by Dr. Ramachandran for bearing manifestations like lack of sleep, cut-off from human contact, pitiful eating, self-destructive ideas and result of flighty emotions in light of one particular name. Dr Iyer takes off from here and influences him to confront his feelings. Dr Iyer expected to influence him to recognize his oblivious considerations and to keep away from their restraint. Another character with those psychoanalytic characteristics is Guruji. With almost no job apportioned to him regardless he leaves enormous effect on Krish. Guruji is the primary individual who can establish that the restless evenings or the worry in Krish's life is all the more a weight he is conveying from past. Guruji demonstrates to him the way of 'Pardoning' for nobody else however for himself. He makes him to do contemplation and feel unburdened with the luggage of old recollections. Shockingly, he felt soothed in the wake of meeting Guruji whom he met by chance as he had couple of hours to pass while sitting tight for Ananya in Pondicherry. Analysis isn't about drugs yet about understanding and tolerating yourself. Furthermore, this is strangely done by these three characters in the novel. Embracing the character of Krish with solid mental linkages, the creator has formed the shape of different characters with guaranteed sublime issues. Mrs. Kavita is inside feeble and is seeking emotional security from his child which her better half has denied her of. She unwittingly applies 'uprooting' here as a barrier mechanism. Mrs. Swaminathan then again is fixed into her battle for learning music; she pretends to be normal however from inside she is in emotional worry for not having the capacity to satisfy her fantasies related to music. Mr. Bhagat, an ex-armed force man, is very irascible and frustrated with his child, his significant other and her family to be 'low' on his shallow standards. Mr Swaminathan is a grumpy personality who conceals his inward picture even from his relatives as he fears that they won't approve it. He wants to drink, to discuss governmental issues and to be less unconventional about conventions. In this manner, a line of variation can be followed in the mind of the characters, so

creative ability, for example the creator.

We are living in an era of liberalization, privatization and globalization. These ideologies, which were utilized basically in the talk of financial matters, have come to overwhelm the talk of all the social sciences just as the general social talk. Every one of these ideologies are so much interwoven and blended that it is practically impossible to consider them independently and for the present reason globalization is utilized to represent these together. Extensively, globalization represents open challenge in market, liberal approaches and facilitated commerce. It has brought about examples of life that were never observed nor experienced amid before times in mankind's history. Metropolitan urban communities, data technology, inexpensive food, relocation, consumerism, organized commerce and so forth are a portion of the manifested types of life. Outside air and open expanse gives migraine and Malls and multiplexes give another rent of life. Things have certainly changed. It sidelines Eastern ideas like joint families, moderate paced life, mutual trust, spirituality and so forth. By effect, it swallows other social examples, advances one culture and murders plurality. Everything motivates decreased to pay-bundles, lodging living, canned MNC sustenance, quick technological changes and quick evolving ideal models. To put it plainly, it causes social changes. Despite the fact that it claims to liberate us from shackles of extremism, it is by all accounts neutralizing assortment and propelling Monoculturalism.

A multicultural society is one that persistently advances and is fortified by the commitment of its diverse people groups. This point of view additionally empowers us not exclusively to recognize basic and hierarchal connections of various constituent social gatherings of a greater culture yet in addition the need to determine such contrasts and builds up the strategies required to determine, certainly not to break down, the said contrasts. Globalization, henceforth, gives a contrary catalyst to the society by proliferating monoculturalism. Human social orders, by their very nature, tend to have contrasts, so anything that encourages obliteration of contrasts, even with the unyielding cooperation of the general population, and howsoever perfect or ideologically right it may be anticipated, may not really be helpful for the development of humanity. Assortment of numerous must be ensured in varying backgrounds. All through the chronicled period, Monoculturalism, in various structures, has been drilled in different parts of the world, yet its insufficiencies as a hypothetical worldview have been seen just lately. The best insufficiency is its unashamed and unequivocal weight on compelling individuals to buy in to a unitary esteem framework and a solitary social example. Indeed, even in America, a great case of monoculturalism ('blend') is as a rule progressively supplanted by Multiculturalism. There are several applied positions that are held under this umbrella like term. It is a regulation that several distinct cultures can coincide calmly and equitably in a solitary nation; as the act of recognizing and regarding different cultures, religions, races, ethnicities, attitudes and opinions inside a domain.

Pop culture all things considered is transmitted through the electronic broad communications today. One mass medium that truly got on in India was film. TV at first just supplemented film however at this point it equals and has eclipsed film. An expanding number of movies, producers, on-screen characters and technicians are utilizing TV for benefits or survival. The most essential TV genres are: advertisements, news appears, documentaries, circumstance comedies, cleanser operas, television shows, talk with shows, science appears, amusement appears, sports programs, activity experience appears, sci-fi appears, how-to appears, etc. All projects which are story fictions in which there is conflict of either a serious or a comic nature are dramatizations (Berger 6). TV amusement is composed around dramatization, music and move and droll parody. It eclipses everything else 'prime-time' news hour likewise must have substance of movies, sit-coms and serials (cleanser operas). TV makes, or endeavors to make, meanings that serve the prevailing interests in society, and circles these meanings among the wide assortment of social gatherings that establish its crowds (Fiske 1087). It is inside these complex and once in a while opposing points of view of culture, pop culture and mainstream literature that well known individual works should be examined if the investigation must be mentally/basically remunerative.

It very well may be expressed that 2 States is a wonderful work of Chetan Bhagat. In this work, he has laid exposed various social issues relating to youthful generation ranging from affection marriage,

leaves his readers to mull over the imminent arrangements of the issues they are grappling with. The story technique, language determination, scene choice and cinematographic treatment of the subject substance are second to none and the readership is moved at every single turn of the turns accompanying the progression of the novel till the closing of the novel when it closes with the positive note of upbeat wedded existence of Krish and Ananya. "The narration is sublime, at some point while understanding you will feel like you a viewing a motion picture, likewise the book is loaded with extraordinary humor and finally it additionally gives a message to the society that affection and marriage is a holding between two souls and not about what the society sees of It" (A. Aarthi 569). Therefore the finish of the novel is along the anticipated lines: all issues comprehended and cheerful occasions of the glad family are ahead. Be that as it may, it can likewise be seen as representative of another political probability: integration of the nation which is always compromised by the secessionist tendencies instigated by narrow minded, control eager, nearsighted political talk of the general population with personal stake. Bhagat in this novel, along these lines, can feature two critical contemporary concerns, viz., the need to embrace a multicultural point of view and to always work to reinforce the social integration. In the ongoing years a discussion is going on in the white collar class in particular and the entire society in general about the effect of a liberalized economy on the run of the mill Indian esteem framework, joint family, spot of guardians, endogamous rank marriage, uncouth consumerism, pre-emptive spot of cash throughout everyday life, etc. In short there is a conflict between the white collar class esteems and esteem framework set up by the TNC culture. Bhagat's tale 2 States perused by these more youthful individuals endeavors to accomplish a harmony between these contrary positions. The story underwrites the new example of life not by proliferating a 'to hellfire with you oldies' yet by engendering a first making that additional stride which is required in all spanning positions. Bhagat, along these lines attempts to accommodate the strains of contemporary life as opposed to decisively censuring both of them. It is for this that the author might be hailed than dismissed for writing in the famous mode and embracing a simple, practically wistful, text-book type attitude towards the serious social issues.

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Literature, Life, Cambridge, Mass.; London, Harvard University Press.

Research Scholar of OPJS University, Churu, Rajasthan