A Study on the Benefits of IP Based Backhaul System for Digital and Telecom Service Providers in India

The quick development of the media transmission industry alongside remote innovation and web made another remote correspondence station named as 4G or fourth era innovation with attributes as tweaked or customized administrations, intelligent sight and sound, IP communication, intuitive games, top quality portable TV, fast broadband web. In a straightforward manner 4G is replacement of third era (3G) versatile correspondence innovation standard with higher limit and execution. The International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced (IMT-Advanced) determines 4G, as far as various highlights as speed of 100 Mbit/s or more while voyaging and 1 Gbit/s while fixed, station data transmissions of 5-20MHz or some of the time even up to 40MHz, all-IP based bundle changing system and ready to switch over numerous heterogeneous systems at the same time. A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed and Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage just as in Cabell's Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A. Worldwide Journal of Management, IT and Engineering http://www.ijmra.us 544 Jan 2016 Initially the 4G innovation economically presented two structures as Mobile WiMAX standard (in 2006 in South Korea) and Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard (in 2009 in Oslo, Norway). Portable WiMax or LTE was not accessible to all landmasses with same year of its development because of the distinctive recurrence groups. In India BSNL first propelled a 4G administration through 4G WiMAX Broadband. Yet, even today 4G remote administrations have not spread to some provincial zones of India other than some significant urban communities. In this paper, we examine the development of 4G innovation in India. Difficulties and chances of 4G innovation in India are contemplated utilizing the ABCD model. This paper will turn into an apparatus for the real innovative work of 4G innovation in India.

associating cell site air interfaces to wireline networks, which are therefore associated with server farms that have the substance and applications got to by portable clients—both human and machine. Ciena conveys showcase driving parcel based Carrier Ethernet arrangements that offer hearty, versatile, and savvy MBH network structures. Versatile networks are progressively the most well known vehicles for getting to far off substance. Be that as it may, the information flying through the wireless transmissions is just a large portion of the story. MBH is the thing that occurs off camera to move information from the cell locales to server farms and different focuses en route. Late exploration shows information hungry cell phones will develop from a little more than 50 percent of all gadgets in 2014 to very nearly 70 percent by 2018. One need just glance around at a supermarket or mall to see that cell phones are all over—nearly everybody conveys them.

In sync with that development, data transfer capacity utilization by cell phone prepared versatile clients will keep on soaring in the years ahead because of high-transmission capacity, video-driven substance utilization. As individuals run to progressively ground-breaking cell phones, quicker versatile networks have come online to oblige such new traffic. Simultaneously, the manner in which clients get to information has moved fundamentally. Higher-data transfer capacity content is being devoured all the more regularly, for longer timeframes—shaping an ideal tempest of transmission capacity utilization development. WiFi networks—in coffeehouses, at home, and in other advantageous spots—were previously the strategy for decision to get to information serious applications. Indeed, even cell phone clients frequently hung tight for a WiFi association before accomplishing any genuine work (or downloading a film). In any case, with bursting quick LTE associations now practically general (and 5G not too far off), the scales are beginning to tip toward versatile information network get to, which will additionally add to MBH network transfer speed development in the coming years. These monstrous increments sought after for data transmission will influence the whole portable foundation, including the MBH network. The MBH network associates Radio Access Network (RAN) air interfaces at little and large scale cell destinations to wireline networks that are associated with far off server farms presenting substance and applications. discount administrators are strongly centered around the MBH network as a key component of their short-to long haul business systems. Indeed, even inside individual designs, there are an assortment of mechanical methodologies accessible. MBH networks bolster explicit innovations that, together, guarantee a satisfactory nature of experience, for example, • Sophisticated network timing and synchronization • Operations, Administration, Maintenance, and Provisioning (OAM&P) • Protection capacities for high network accessibility • Capacity for quick client get to speeds From wireless to wireline, the whole versatile network framework is progressively bundle based. So movement of heritage TDM-based MBH networks to parcel based Carrier Ethernet MBH networks is the undeniable decision. Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) and Software-Defined Networking (SDN) advancements and administrations will before long pervade the whole worldwide network framework, and will assume a huge job in how MBH networks will adjust and advance. MBH networks offer three principle network geographies dependent on the particular gear a supplier picks and the working condition in which sending will happen: ring, center point and talked, and daisy chain.

The 5G backhaul research point exists as a result of the comprehensive 5G network aspiring test. To this end, 5G highlights that sway the backhaul should be first distinguished and examined, from a backhaul point of view, so as to depict the 5G backhaul research subject. There is as of now no total normalized meaning of 5G networks, be that as it may, an overall heading of principle objectives is developing through various collective endeavors and can be summed up in this passage. The fundamental 5G activities universally are: in the United States, for example, 4G America, in China e.g., IMT-2020 (5G) advancement gathering, in Japan e.g., 2020 and past, in Korea with the 5G discussion, and in Europe, basically, the 5G Private Public Partnership (5G PPP) financed by the European Union and the 5G Innovation Center (5GIC) at the University of Surrey in the UK. Key instances of European activities exploring 2013 and plans to begin the normalization stage in 2016. The 2015 World Radiocommunication Conference distinguished pieces of mmWave range groups, somewhere in the range of 20 and 80GHz, for testing, however delayed the designation of 5G range till the following gathering in 2019. It was additionally concluded that the third era association venture (3GPP) will have a specialized detail gathering (TSG) that will begin the work on the 5G RAN in 2016. What's more, the International Telecommunication Union-Radio Communication Sector (ITU-R) working gathering 5D is answerable for the definition and assessment of 5G (IMT2020) networks; the arrangement is to convey 5G particulars by October 2020. So as to arrangement for the expansion in limit, gadgets, and information rates, endeavors are put resources into three tomahawks mutually: network densification, improved range proficiency, and range augmentation. The highlights utilized towards these closures are halfway a development of existing advances (e.g., HetNets, CoMP, monstrous MIMO) and somewhat problematic to best in class cell frameworks (e.g., C-RAN and control/client plane split). In Sections II-An and II-B, we examine key developed and troublesome 5G highlights, individually, from a backhaul point of view. For an ongoing far reaching survey on 5G technology and joining pattern.

Portable backhaul is a term generally used to portray availability between base stations (BT) and base station controllers (BSC)/radio network controllers (RNC) in cell frameworks over an assortment of transport media. As indicated by a gauge, 25% of complete Mobile Network cost is in transport, of which 75% is spent on backhaul and about half of the network operational expense is in broadband. Today backhaul depends for the most part on copper, optical fiber and microwave radio connections. Expanding data transfer capacity prerequisites, change in sort of traffic shipped, prerequisite of QoS based prioritization and significant expense of heritage backhaul require new arrangements. A portion of the promising arrangements use bundle exchanged networks and wireless innovations that offer alluring highlights regarding minimal effort and accessibility. Notwithstanding, movement to new innovations raises new specialized challenges identified with QoS, parcel proficiency and timing synchronization. Additionally, the "all-IP" slants in 4G networks are of ebb and flow research enthusiasm for wireless backhaul. Customary and developing advances for backhaul are quickly portrayed here. TDM strategies utilizing Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) are predominant methods which permit In this issue Cellular Backhaul innovations P1 Did you know this about femtocells? P1 Top Technologies of 2010 P2 Phase synchronization in 4G P4 For restricted course Telecom Regulatory Authority of India P2 voice stations from base stations and moving them to the BSC in various time allotments. At the point when traffic develops and TDM doesn't get the job done then Ethernet or xDSL advances (for example G.SHDSL, VDSL2) are regularly utilized on copper to convey the necessary transmission capacity. For better data transmission usage, voice pressure strategies, for example, G.729 and EVRC have been acquainted with pack 64 kbit/s PCM encoded voice streams, prompting a throughput addition of four folds. One E1 can bolster 30x4 = 120 voice calls.

Arrangements on fiber would go from highlight point fiber optic connections, Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) rings and variations of Passive Optical Network (PON) technology, Gigabit PON[GPON], Ethernet PON [EPON]. Optical filaments might be conveyed in thick urban and rural areas, which are viewed as high traffic zones. By and large the current access and access conglomeration might be utilized for backhauling portable traffic. E1 copper lines from various destinations might be multiplexed into higher rate optical streams like STM-16 (2.4 Gbit/s). The utilization of SDH rings can be chosen dependent on boundaries like separation between the phone site and the include/drop multiplexer, the quantity of E1 associations per site and the quantity of cell locales to be associated through the fiber ring. Results1 show that a ring ought to in any event serve 4 cell locales to accomplish 27% or more cost reserve funds.

Microwave radio and satellite connections are used in areas where wired backhauls are hard to convey. Microwave transmission can be completed in different recurrence groups including authorized (6 GHz to 38 GHz) and unlicensed (2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz) groups. Utilizing unlicensed groups can diminish Capital Expense (CAPEX) yet raises radio obstruction issues. The pre-owned recurrence range influences data transmission limit and separation inclusion; the higher the recurrence, the more noteworthy the transfer speed limit and the shorter the inclusion run. In all cases, the nearness of Line of Sight (LOS) between cell destinations and collection focuses is required and consequently microwave is constrained to short separation

immediately introduced to cover significant distances. Contrasted with E1 copper joins, actualizing microwave joins brings about higher CAPEX, nonetheless, they are probably going to bring about less OPEX after some time. Microwave can be actualized in the Point‐to‐Point (PTP), Point‐to‐Multipoint (PMP), or restrictive multihop designs for better inclusion. Conveying PMP geography in microwave backhaul network must be cost effective if in any event 5 cells are served by each PMP system1 . The advanced transmission method over microwave connections can be founded on PDH, SDH or Ethernet (GE convention). Then again, satellite offers answer for areas where no other backhaul technology is doable. The transmission depends on E1 procedures. Regular engendering delays for satellite are 270ms in addition to preparing postpone which are higher than 250 ms limit for voice administrations. These connections are progressively costly at the same time, to deal with the cost, DAMA methods are utilized.

The LTE transport network contains three portions, in particular, radio access, backhaul, and center networks. The backhaul network further partitions into two segments: access and accumulation networks. Figure 1 shows a basic LTE transport network. The entrance network associates eNBs destinations to total hubs. As a rule, it has a tree or potentially chain geography. The accumulation network all the time has a ring as well as work geography. It is typically ended at the center network where S‐GWs and MME gadgets are found. Thus, the backhaul network stretches out from the principal transport hardware interfacing cell destinations to the vehicle collection gear associating focal locales. What's more, the LTE backhaul network contains a few traffic transport interfaces.

Long‐term development networks face new security dangers that didn't exist previously or were more enthusiastically to misuse in past 2G/3G portable backhaul networks. The security dangers start at different segments of LTE network, to be specific, client hubs, backhaul network, client supplier interface network, radio access network, and center network. Subsequently, it is important to actualize devoted security systems in each area to keep away from these expected dangers. This examination centers around the potential dangers just on the In the first place, LTE backhaul comprises of IP-based control/administration gadgets (e.g., MMEs, S‐GWs, and eNBs) and interfaces (e.g., X2 and S1). Subsequently, the backhaul network is presently helpless against IP-based assaults and penetrates 5. Additionally, a gatecrasher can straightforwardly assault center doors even from a penetrate at the entrance network as a result of the IP-base correspondence (e.g., address mocking assaults). Second, LTE backhaul network is currently a bearer Ethernet condition with hundreds or thousands of end hubs (e.g., eNBs). Thus, an interloper has a huge number of potential section focuses in the backhaul network. Additionally, the level design idea proposes to circulate the specific control functionalities in any event, for eNBs. Consequently, a solitary eNB procurement is adequate enough for an assailant to harm the network. Then again, LTE design acquaints new interfaces with versatile networks. For example, X2 interface is utilized to move the peer‐to‐peer information and control traffic among eNBs and S1 interfaces is utilized to move the client information and control traffic among eNBs and center components. LTE networks permit an eNB to associate with different center network components by means of S1 interfaces and numerous eNBs (up to 32) through X2 interface to accomplish better execution and lower inertness execution. Rather than earlier 2G/3G networks, LTE eNBs now have more associations with different eNBs as well as center network components. Third, the focal point of security in 2G networks was the air interface, which was ended at the BS for circuit‐switched voice administrations. The backhaul network dependent on circuit‐switched joins was viewed as trusted. For 3G, it was a plan choice that end of the encryption for the two administrations would move further into the center network at the radio network controller, for instance, to incorporate microwave connections and a large portion of the backhaul network. In any case, LTE backhaul doesn't have built‐in security in carrier information as it was the situation with 2G/3G networks. Preceding LTE design, traffic in backhaul network was made sure about by radio network layer conventions, and they encode the backhaul traffic. Be that as it may, these air interface encryptions of client and control plane traffic end at eNBs in LTE networks. Subsequently, LTE backhaul traffic can be listened in by unapproved clients, and this data can be utilized to represent the DoS and man‐in‐the‐middle assaults to the backhaul network.

While fiber guarantees the best execution among the advances considered, financial aspects can be is required (for example pipe reuse or 100% digging) alongside the impact of guideline. For most sub-urban situations (other than 90% pipe reuse), accomplishing 1Gbps with microwave is progressively monetary while fiber is increasingly financial for urban situations aside from the instance of own form with 100% digging. The correlation additionally shows that sharing of backhaul framework (for example renting or pipe reuse) can prompt better financial matters (for more data on foundation sharing). It very well may be concluded that wireless arrangements can be utilized to diminish the expense of portable backhaul as it decreases vital structural building work.

Sending and development of 4G technology in India isn't simple because of a few challenges looked by the telecommunication business or 4G specialist organizations. A. Security: The 4G, LTE should concentrate on security goals and relating innovations. Howard, Walker and Wright, of the British organization Vodafone quote some security standards for 3G, which hold great, in any event, for 4G Technology as enough ensure data against abuse in various circumstance/clients like while client producing or getting to data, overall interoperability and wandering between various administrators, among client and supplier. It ought to likewise guarantee that the security highlights and instrument can be expanded and upgraded as and when required for cutting edge applications or administrations. B. Backhaul: While utilizing the 4G network most extreme measure of information move happens among cut off and application because of the utilization of transmission capacity hungry applications. So as to meet the propelled applications and client necessities administrators need to update their backhaul, or transfer speed limit in exponential structure. C. Multiple Frequencies: One of the significant challenges is 4G LTE network utilizes various recurrence band or range in various nations. Additionally, administrators need to include more radios/range other than their 2G and 3G range band, which will acquire more expense and unpredictability. D. Voice over LTE: LTE has the ability to convey a wide range of voice, video and information traffic administrations. Yet, in without appropriate voice and video administrations. Administrators can give voice over LTE administration utilizing three methodologies, in particular IMS based "one-voice" approach, Voice over LTE by means of Generic Access (VoLGA), and Circuit Switched Fallback (CSFB). E. Price and Smart Phone: India is constantly estimated touchy market, because of these administrators continually presenting one or other new cost tax plans for the two information and voice. The cost of the 4G network is more, is the one more test looked by the administrators in India. Contrasted with the whole populace of India just scarcely any clients have PDAs and in which every advanced mobile phone don't bolster LTE. F. Quality of Service: In India the specialist organizations or administrators consistently attempted to give nature of administration, despite the fact that they do a great deal of endeavors because of the huge and assorted need of the immense populaces. Information inclusion has a great deal of irregularity in the rural pieces of the nation. In 4G, specialist co-ops ought to fulfill the client as LTE expected to devour overwhelming information substance, for example, recordings, games and stream content. G. Application/content: With 4G, clients are progressively intrigued to watch online video while they are moving or voyaging causes more utilization of online recordings. As an ever increasing number of client's uses HD recordings, spilling of HD recordings is going to put a colossal weight on the LTE network for which administrators or telecommunication industry should be readied. H. Chipset similarity: LTE chipsets should be assembled dependent on eco-accommodating is one of the boundaries around choice of various innovations and in the improvement of chipset execution. While creating chipset merchants should concentrate on some key boundaries like Support for numerous specialized boundaries, in reverse similarity, and decreasing force utilization and chip size. I. Return on Investment (ROI): Migration from 3G technology to 4G LTE involves high capital venture for the specialist organizations because of the high range expenses and updates in network

sending. J. Widespread of LTE to rural: All the administrators in India centering their 4G administrations in a portion of the Metropolitan urban communities and urban towns. So as to improve the presentation and to get countless clients' administrators should concentrate on sending of 4G benefits even rural zones of India.

• 4G are anything but difficult to introduce and keep up. • Because of higher security, specialist organization or administrators gets more benefit and fame and progression of the new technology additionally improved. • Worldwide or national wide extension of 4G administrations • The capacity to get a bigger client base because of pervasive administrations. • The capacity to exploit the developing prevalence of Smart Phone banking Enhances notoriety of the administrators by giving quick and tied down administrations to its client. • Development of Smart Phone clients. • Banks can ready to pull in businessmen, programming engineers or other tight booked client pool because of their tendency of callings for versatile financial administrations. • High caliber of administrations.

• New recurrence requires included segments in the specialist organization's pinnacle. • 4G doesn't offer voice administrations through cell phone as opposed to it utilizes voice over web convention (VoIP). At the point when the client signed on to 4G administrations will be moved to 3G administrations, when the client gets a voice call. • Voice over LTE (VoLTE) new administrations of VoIP in 4G technology, isn't across the board or it's in baby stage. Compactness and document clearing in 4G technology is a • Prerequisite of high memory and processors at specialist co-op's servers. • Absence of technology support. • Beginning interest in technology will be costly. • Absence of prepared staff • Far off and Rural network extension Generally, most networks turned out in developing markets concentrated around rich minorities in urban zones. Today, networks broaden path past urban areas and venture further into less populated regions to catch new endorsers. Networks are presently stretching out to two extraordinarily various districts:

Distant regions may have higher or genuinely high populace densities however are hard to get to on account of the territory. Numerous far off zones must be reached across deserts, mountains, oceans or wetlands, where conveying earthbound based advances can be very troublesome. There are numerous instances of such far off territories, from island archipelagos and mountain networks to outcast camps with countless occupants. Rural Areas will in general have a lot of lower populace densities. They normally comprise of hundreds as opposed to a large number of individuals, living in towns or villas that can likewise be tens or many kilometers separated.

Both far off and rural regions present an immense open door for portable administrators. Initial, a colossal number of individuals – around 40 to 50 percent of the total populace - live in rural and distant zones and many have constrained access to essential interchanges as indicated by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU). In numerous nations individuals living in far off and rural zones dwarf those living in urban settings. In India, where just 30% of the populace lives in urban communities. Administrators are seeing a few other key advantages and open doors for venturing into rural and distant regions including: urban regions, yet have dependants, family members and genealogical homes in rural zones. Not exclusively do new clients in rural zones need to have the option to contact traveler laborers in urban areas, yet the normal stream of supporters getting back for broadened timeframes require availability. That is the reason numerous administrators are progressively conveying administrations in rural or distant territories; they have to keep existing clients from beating to contenders that may have turned out networks in home towns. Social and monetary advantages: Today, the clients focused in developing markets are overwhelmingly lower pay per-capita clients, particularly when contrasted with the well off countries that have made up the majority of the world's initial 3 billion portable supporters. Rising economies have developed as an immediate consequence of portable communication as the utilization of the technology has expanded access to data, extended instruction and improved social associations. New items and administrations: Innovative versatile administrators are endeavoring to build the ARPU and tenacity of existing supporters by offering more types of assistance that are missing in far off or rural regions, for example, access to advertise data, wellbeing and some money related administrations. The undiscovered abundance of these territories is regularly thought little of as well. Shockingly India's rural populace contributes 56% to the nation's salary, 64% of its use and 33% of its investment funds. That is the reason portable installment and banking administrations are likewise changing Africa's financial area where just a little minority of the populace has recently had ledgers.

E transaction of three variables—guideline, advancement, and technology—makes this division a fascinating investigation. ere are constant innovative changes and developing administrative atmosphere. While Indian telecommunication organizations, progressively light and sure, have begun wandering outside the nation and contributing abroad, the telecom producing in India is still to pull in speculation on a supported premise. Cell phones are famous because of their own, compact, and advanced nature, empowering individuals to be constantly associated. There are expanding advancements, particularly improvement of portable applications. The minimal effort of handsets in India and the creative spending telecom network have brought down the hindrance to section of shoppers to the market. On the gracefully side, The telecommunications area assumes an inexorably significant job in the Indian economy. It adds to financial development and the GDP and creates income for the legislature and produces employments. To put it plainly, telecom division has a multiplier sway on the economy. We have progressed significantly. Nonetheless, certain challenges, for example, empowering telecom fabricating in India, spreading teledensity, and Internet administrations across India to connect the computerized separate are still to be completely met.

a. Remote tolerant checking and correspondence with sign estimating gadgets, for example, pulse, ECG, temperature and so forth, which is conceivable with quick, programmed or self-loader reactions. b. Remote medical procedure applications that can give control and criticism correspondence method for specialists from emergency vehicle, distant territories and so forth, which requires low idleness and exceptionally dependable networks. • Smart cities (i) Consistent client experience, hotspot broadband access in exceptionally thick zones, urban downtown areas and so on. (ii) Access to broadband out in the open vehicle framework, for example, fast trains by giving correspondence connection and great web for diversion or work. (iii) Can control genuine and virtual articles like self-sufficient vehicles, which requires continuous response. (iv) Support security applications to moderate street mishaps, traffic productivity and so on, which requires ultra-low inactivity for notice signs and high information rates. • Industrial IoT (i) Integrate and empower mechanization process which will be helpful for some, enterprises like oil and gas, synthetic compounds and water. (ii) Communication moves will empower time basic industrial facility mechanization across wide scope of processing plants, for

• Emergency, disaster and public safety (i) Highly proficient correspondence during catastrophic events, for example, seismic tremors, floods and so on. (ii) Provides constant exact area and correspondence for better wellbeing.

Information networks will characterize India's future from numerous points of view and will empower India to jump in front of numerous nations. Our worldwide seriousness relies upon the wide spread access and speed of broadband multiplication. India will require a new gander at the pace of advancement and its administrative arrangement condition. Broadband biological system players, the Government alongside the Regulator, need to work strongly to overhaul the National telecom strategy. The strategy ought to be technology rationalist to empower and advance methodical development, by cultivating a powerfully serious condition 5G backhaul research is most likely at its pinnacle and is seeing an abundance of distributed papers and centered examination from key 5G players. In contrast to occupant cell ages, 5G is incompletely advancement of existing advances but at the same time depends on troublesome advances influencing all pieces of the network, in any case the backhaul, and changing the customary ways to deal with network plan. Subsequently, the 5G backhaul challenges are complex: >10 Gbps limit, <1 msec start to finish idleness, high security and flexibility, time and recurrence synchronization, low vitality utilization and minimal effort. None of the current backhaul arrangements can convey the entirety of the above as an independent arrangement; maybe fiber-optic-based backhauls rank the best in all viewpoints, aside from cost. To this end, the backhaul portfolio has widened to incorporate new advancements, for example, mmWave and sub-6GHz range, in-band backhauling, notwithstanding developments in wired backhaul innovations. Plus, heterogeneity wins in 5G networks and depicts all network components including clients, administrations, RAN, and backhaul. Therefore, a reasonable 5G backhaul is one that is involved numerous backhaul advances. Additionally, it is adaptable, versatile, dynamic to permit cooking for the 5G tough presentation needs where conceivable (and required) while adjusting the RAN network to its hard restrictions and limitations if there should arise an occurrence of increasingly loosened up prerequisites. on Telecom Sector in India: A Decadal Profile. 2. TELECOM REGULATORY AUTHORITY OF INDIA (2011) on Telecom Equipment Manufacturing Policy 3. TELECOM REGULATORY AUTHORITY OF INDIA (2019) on a White Paper on Enabling 5G in India. 4. Krishna Prasad Karani (2016) on the Growth of 4G Technologies in India-Challenges and Opportunities. 5. Kastuv M. Tuladhar (2016) on Challenges on IP-RAN networks for the successful evolution of SDN. 6. David Cortés-Polo (2015) on Proposal and analysis of integrated PTN architecture in the mobile backhaul to improve the QoS of HetNets 7. Mona Jaber ; Muhammad Ali Imran ; Rahim Tafazolli ; Anvar Tukmanov (2016) on 5G Backhaul Challenges and Emerging Research Directions: A Survey. 8. Madhusanka Liyanage Pardeep Kumar Mika Ylianttila Andrei Gurtov (2016) on Novel secure VPN architectures for LTE backhaul networks. 9. Hemant Joshi, Mr. Umang Das (2019) on 5G: The Catalyst to Digital Revolution in India 10. Elias Yaacoub and Mohamed-Slim Alouini (2019) on a Key 6G Challenge and Opportunity - Connecting the Remaining 4 Billions: A Survey on Rural Connectivity. 11. D. M. Goussal (2017) on ―Rural broadband in developing regions: Alternative research agendas for the 5G era‖. 12. H. Kaushal and G. Kaddoum, (2017) on ―Optical communication in space: Challenges and mitigation techniques‖. 13. S. A. Hassan, M. S. Omar, M. A. Imran, J. Qadir, and D. N. K. Jayakody (2018) on ―Universal access in 5G networks: Potential challenges and opportunities for urban and rural environments‖. 15. ITD study group (2018) on telecommunication/ITCs for rural and remote areas 16. H. Joshi, (2016) on the telecom industry is set for a tech. 17. Mr. Sandeep Kumar Mohapatra (2020) on Impact of Various Factors on the Adoption & Satisfaction of Internet Services among 4g Users in India. 18. Rahul Gupta and Shantipriya Parida (2013) on Challenges and Opportunities: Mobile Broadband. 19. K. A. Harras, A. Emam, A. Mtibaa, K. A. Harras and A. Mohamed, (2017) ―On the shortcoming of DTN solutions in rural mHealth applications‖. 20. M. M. Kassem, M. K. Marina, and B. Radunovic (2018) on ―DIY model for mobile network deployment: A step towards 5G for all‖.

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