Applicability of Just-In-Time Technique in Residential Construction Projects in Pune City

Maharashtra accounts for nearly 25 per cent of the total investments attracted by the real estate and construction industry in India, showed a recent study by industry body ASSOCHAM (The Associated Chambers of Commerce & Industry of India). Moreover, the construction industry, considered one of the key sources of employment, income and growth. Housing sector is expected to contribute around 11 per cent to India's GDP by 2020. Most residential construction projects in Pune are affected by several factors that have a major impact on the efficiency of the workforce by reducing their productivity. This affects quality, time and costs of the project. The reason for that is often poor management of materials, equipment and tools. Proper management of these three important components could increase the productivity significantly. These components should be accurately managed on site, in order for the projects to be successful.Much focus is recently located on projects to be accomplished within the specified project duration.

The Just-in-Time technique is an effective management technique that can determine the success or failure of any construction project. This technique manages the flow of materials, components, tools and associated information regarding ongoing project.JIT endeavours to accomplish smooth generation by giving, the right materials, in the right amounts and quality, just in time for production, and by assuring that the materials are delivered to the site on the actual day of use. Successful implementation of Just-in-time technique could be capable of lessen numerous elements such as inventory level, storage space, manufacturing unit overhead, manufacturing costs, rectification works so that it will lead to improvement in quality. 1.2 Aim and Objectives of the Study:

b. To investigate the applicability of JIT and current situations on the construction site through questionnaire survey.

2.1 “The Applicability of Just-In-Time in United Arab Emirates Construction Projects” by Mohamed Ali and Dr. Salwa Beheiy.

This paper presents a mathematical model, the theoretical basis and an outline of a computer module system supporting scheduling of transportation and assembly of composite beam bridge structures implemented in the just in time system (called JIT for short). In the optimization procedures there were used algorithms based on the tabu search method. Authors also states that application of fast approximate algorithms for scheduling of construction projects allows us to obtain high quality solutions (in terms of the value of the objective function) in a short time.

The authors explore the validity of this statement. They investigate the environmental impacts of prefabrication with just-in-time (JIT) delivery on reinforced bar using a building construction case study. The results suggest that prefabrication with JIT delivery consumes less energy but emits more CO2. The study also finds that fabrication method of construction materials is a significant issue in the sustainable construction. In this paper, the authors investigated the on-site fabrication with non-JIT delivery and the prefabrication with JIT delivery by comparing energy consumption, CO2 emission, and material loss in a case study.

The literature shows that the poor supply and demand conditions and the unstable economic environments are the main obstacles for JIT application in developing countries. Other factors include; high costs of; imported technology, training, maintenance and the quality systems, low costs of labour and, the cultural values based on both high power distance and uncertainty avoidance. The Turkish prefabrication sector was analysed as a case study. A questionnaire survey and a number of interviews were undertaken with Turkish prefabrication companies. Frequency, Thurston‘s Paired Comparisons and correlation coe9cient analysis were used to evaluate the questionnaire results. The results unexpectedly showed that inaction was not an obstacle against implementation of JIT by Turkish prefabrication companies, as it had a trivial e

This paper serves as are source to prefabricated construction managers who are attempting to implement lean thinking to improve their production operations by eliminating waste. Lean is both a general way of thinking and a specific production management approach that emphasizes using less of everything to satisfy the customer by delivering the highest quality at the lowest cost in the shortest time. While providing an overview of lean principles, this paper focuses on two fundamental lean concepts, standardization and continuous flow. To develop these concepts, this paper uses a case-study approach to describe the experiences of a large homebuilder.

By means of a survey and interviews, this paper helps a precast concrete supplier examine if contractors are ready to adopt the JIT philosophy for receiving and installing precast concrete components on-site. Lessons are drawn from the empirical findings to determine how contractors can prepare for JIT management of precast concrete components. The findings suggest that the contractors are, by and large, obscured by price and have generally overlooked the bigger picture of total costs. Only a minority of the respondents show an interest in JIT deliveries as a cost-saving management system. Conversely, the premasters are better prepared to provide logistical support for JIT deliveries.

The research methodology was used to achieve the objectives of the project. This study involves identifying various factors that are affecting the performance of construction projects taken from literature survey. Then sub factors are derived and a questionnaire was formulated. The construction industry experts from various construction firms in Pune city are asked to rate the factors with five-point scale in the questionnaire. The most rated factors where ranked on the basis Relative Importance Index (RII). The procedure followed in this study is as follows:

Sixty surveys from professionals in various construction projects from Pune were collected. A questionnaire, based on factors affecting the performance of construction projectwere used to survey and gathered the data for the analysis. Various factors were ranked on the basis Relative Importance that this technique can be effectively implemented in residential construction projects to reduced wastes and improve productivity. 3.2 Questionnaire Design: The questionnaire was designed in such a way that factors affecting the performance of construction project were derived and formulated into main and sub points. The questionnaire was divided into two main sections, whichincluded: a. Details about respondents and company. b. Factors affecting the performance of construction project. 3.3 Data Analysis: The survey is conducted by asking the construction professionals to rate the factors on five-point scale. Number of experts participated in the survey is sixty. Based on the ratings given by the professionals the rating is analyzed using MS Excel 2016 and the following steps are done: a. Each factor is aggregated based on the rating. b. Mean value for each factor is found out and each factor is then ranked in ascending order. 1- To assess this questionnaire five point Likert-scale of 1-5 was used, where scale of 1-Not important/Never 2- Slightly important; 3- Average; 4- Highly important; 5- Extremely important. All the respondents were asked to rank each factor as per degree of importance or severity of factor. The identified factors were then ranked on the basis of Relative Importance Index (RII). (Zeba et al., 2015) The equation used for RII is:

Where, Pi: Respondent‘s rating

n: Highest value on Likert scale

1. < 5 years -32 2. 5-10 years -21 3. 10-15 years- 3 4. > 15 years -2

This part of questionnaire consists of 10 main factors which affects the performance and efficiency of construction projects. Also from the result of analysis of this part, key issues of implementation of just in time technique has been found. The RII for all factors was calculated by above shown formula. The mean of RII of various factors leading to each factor calculated as shown in Table 1, 2, 3,4,5,6,7,8,9 and 10.

B. Analysis result of factors related to clients:

C. Analysis result of factors related to Cost:

F. Analysis result of factors related to improvement of construction work effectiveness:

Based on the RII analysis, prioritizing of various factors has been done by providing the ranks to respective factor depending on its severity in construction project. From that one can understand the importance of implementation of Just in Time technique in residential construction projects in Pune city.

From the above results conclusions can be made that: 1. Questionnaire related to many factors affecting construction work progress was prepared by studying the literature based on JIT technique. 2. By observing analysis of the questionnaire survey, there are some factors which severely affect the cost, schedule and time of construction projects. 3. Factors such as contractor- supplier relationship, classification and categorization of materials, criteria to maintain stock for materials, construction process efficiency and effectiveness play vital role in material procurement process in any residential construction project. 4. Hence, to reduce the severity of these affecting factors and to improve effectiveness of construction project, just in Time (JIT) technique can be applied as it can deal with these factors. 5. Even if construction and manufacturing are different types of industries but Just in Time technique with some advancements can be applicable to construction projects.

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PG Student of J.S.P. M‘s Imperial College of Engg. And Research, Pune