Demographic Characterization and Women Empowerment in Haryana

1. INTRODUCTION

Women strengthening are operationally characterized as women' status as the level of women' entrance to material assets and social assets inside the family in the network and in the general public on the loose. This paper is an endeavor to amplify the status of women change in Haryana utilizing different pointers in view of information from auxiliary sources. The investigation uncovers that the general hole exist in regards to access to instruction and business and political cooperation disregarding vast advance taken by government, The advancement of women strengthening as an improvement objective in view of double contention; that social equity is a critical part of human welfare and is characteristically worth seeking after and that women strengthening is a way to different finishes. Women strengthening are a tricky idea. It is operationally characterized as women' status as the level of women access to material assets and social assets inside the family in the network and in the general public everywhere; Women after fall a twofold test in their endeavors to pick up a level of specialist that will allow autonomous basic leadership. To begin with the conquer interior obstruction and family resistance and after that they should manage social requirements (Desai and Johnson (2002). The World Bank has recommended that strengthening of women ought to be a key part of social improvement program (World Bank 2001). Kabeer (1999) considers women to be the key operator women's activist social difficulties and strengthening is characterized as the extension in the people groups. She sees three measurements to strengthening – assets, organization and accomplishment, every one of which expands on other. The paper clarifies that women control is the capacity to settle on decision, to be sabotaged. A woman strengthening is about the procedure by which the individuals who have been denied the capacity to settle on key life decision obtain such a capacity strengthening involving a procedure of progress. Manisha Desai (2010) for women strengthening, the 1990's were an essential time. The world meeting of the 1990's – human right, populace and social advancement - all gave chances to prepare and manufacture an accord among numerous elements around women strengthening. The 1990 pointed out universal issues of sexual and conceptive rights, viciousness against women and sex equity. The main decade of the 21st century and the occasion of September 2001 influence a swinging to point. Ruth Paterson (2004-05) – women strengthening is characterized as advancing women's activist social changes i.e. change in control relations that expansion women control, whether deliberate or accidental at an individual or social level. Batliwala (1994) specify that the objective of women strengthening are to challenges male centric belief system to change the structures and organizations

educational assets. The Sex Ratio which delineates the survival scene of women enlisted an extremely minor change from 927 of every 1991 to 933 of every 2001, as appeared previously. Despite the fact that the Sex Ratio expanded in regard all things considered, it declined in the most vital age gathering of 0 to 6 years from 945 of every 1991 to 927 out of 2001. The specific same declining pattern got reflected in the greater part of the states, even in the States like Punjab and Haryana which are monetarily more dynamic states. This plainly indicates the way that financial development may not really achieve change in the status of women.

Various investigations have been directed on women strengthening in India and abroad. A few examinations focused on methodological issues, some on observational investigation and some on measures and apparatuses of strengthening. In this segment a portion of the vital examinations have been looked into, The base of this article is the article of CM lakshmana (2007) in which he worried on sex balance and strengthening of lady as the key component for advancement. Optional information gathered from evaluation of India and Statistical conceptual of India for this reason. Numerous specialists contended that women' strengthening is firmly identified with positive results for families and social orders (Presser and Sen, 2000). Concentrates like Moser (1993) Shields (1995) worried on the interrelationship amongst sex and improvement. This work gave an exploratory system to comprehend and build up the idea of strengthening structure commonsense and hypothetical viewpoints. Bardhan and Klasen (1999) figuring the GDI since 1999. Dijkstra and Hanmer (2000) call attention to a few restrictions of GDI. They additionally developed a Relative Status of Women (RSW) file and acknowledged that it is likewise not a perfect measure of sexual orientation correspondence. Dijkstra (2002) recommended another measure named Standardized Index of Gender Equality (SIGE). Malhotra et. al. (2002) in their paper featured some methodological issues of estimation and examination of women strengthening. In year 2006 Klasen proposed a few adjustments to measures that were identified with GDI and GEM. Barkat (2008) reasoned that there was a misty comprehension of strengthening of women. Chattopadhyay and Duflo (2001) reasoned that if there is women initiative in town women will probably gave a logical strategy to gauge strengthening. Blumberg (2005) saw that monetary strengthening of women can lessen sex imbalance and prosperity of country. Desai and Thakkar (2007) in their work talked about women' political support, legitimate rights and training as devices for their strengthening. Shariff (2009) recommended a particular measure for sex strengthening for India keeping in see culture particular conditions pervasive in the nation. Mishra and Nayak (2010) in their work underscored that proficiency and some degree of instructive capability are of crucial significance for ability arrangement. Desai and Johnson (2002) examine the impact of women‘s ability to make independent decisions on children‘s health outcomes.

Kumar and Sreedhara (2004) - study of measurement of empowerment have operationalized economic, socio cultural, familial or interpersonal, legal, political and psychological dimensions. Kabeer (1999) - strengthening was estimated by a list of women' part in basic leadership in three key zones, the buy of family things , the choice to work outside, number of kids' to have. Desai (2010) – this paper addresses the calculated and methodological issues identified with women' strengthening in key zones, for example, instruction, wellbeing, financial and political support. Batliwala (1994) concluded that cause of women‘s interior status and unequal gender relations are doubly rooted in history, religion, culture in the psychology of self, in laws and legal system, and in political institutions and social attributes, if the status and material conditions of women‘s lives is to change at all, the solution must penetrate just as deeply. Ruth (2004) highlighted the power relationship in the families that enable women to take

1. To understand and analyze the demographic changes in Haryana (District Wise) for the decades , 1981-91, 1991-01. 2. To study the gender inequality in education, health and employment. 3. To suggest some policy measure to reduce the gender inequality and women empowerment in Haryana.

This part of paper briefly explains the overall demographic changes in Haryana. The vital statistics of a region illuminates the characteristics of socio-economic development. The decadal growth rate of Haryana‘s population during 1981-91 and 1991-2001, as estimated by census department Haryana was 27.40 and 28.43 respectively. The four Districts which show rapid industrial growth have registered a very high decadal growth rate of population in 1981 and 1991-2001. Faridabad, Gurgaon, Panchkula, Panipat and Yamunanagar have shown above Haryana‘s average Decadal growth rate of population and rest of the Districts falls below this level. The average birth rate in Haryana in 1981 was 24.67 which was decreased to 20.50 in 1991 and 19.65 in 2001. The comparative study of this figure in different districts show that Ambala, Gurgaon, Kaithal, Kurukshetra, Rewari, Rohtak and Yamunanagar are above the Haryana‘s average. Faridabad, Bhiwani, Fatehabad, Jhajjar, Panchkula and Sirsa falls in the category of having lower birth rate for females than males and Haryana‘s average.

The average death rate in Haryana was 6.86 in 1981 which was decreased to 5.33 in 2001. The death rate is low in Faridabad, Gurgaon, Kurukshetra, Panchkula, Panipat and Sirsa than Haryana‘s average. But it was quite high in Bhiwani, Mahendergarh, Rohtak, Sonepat and Yamunangar. Faridabad, Gurgaon, and Panchkula have low death rate for females as compared to males and Haryana‘s average.

―The number of infant death below one year of age in a year per 1000 line birth is termed as Infant ate

―The average number of years of a new born child is expected to line under current mortality conditions is called expectation of life at birth. A low life expectancy reflects that the region poor socio-economic status and lack of basic health care facilities, it needs for human development life expectancy increases with improvement female literacy economic developments and rising standards of living of the people" (Lakshmana, CM 2007).

Ambala and Panchkula are the best Districts in Haryana in in relation to IMR and life expectancy at age 1 while Kaithal and Fatehabad and Gurgaon rank low on both life expectancy at birth and IMR. Life expectancy gap is Hisar. The female life expectancy is higher than male life expectancy in Kurukshetra and Rewari. Sex ratio of Haryana was 87 female per thousand male are in 1981 which was decreased to 865 female per thousand male in 1991 and then to 861 female per thousand male in 2001. The Districts were very low levels of sex ratios are Panckula, Panipat, Faridabad, Sonepat. While Mahendergarh and Rewari show high sex ratio as compared to Haryana‘s average. Child sex ratio declined in all the 867 (1991) to 771 in 2001 (-11.017%).‖ The grim picture of CSR in Haryana is not only indicative gender discrimination but also of a low level of social awareness amongst women.‖ [HDR, 2005]. Basic infrastructure and services (BIS) Development index of Districts of Haryana reveal that in 2004-05 Faridabad rank first Gurgaon followed it. Faridabad, Gurgaon, Panipat are also t he industrial districts show the best parameters for length of surface road of roads 100 sqkm, credit deposit ratio, no. of bank office and post office per lakh of population, no. of hospitals and beds (per lakh of population, no. of school per 1000 school going children, teacher pupil ratio, % of literacy. Sirsa, Jind and Kaithal show lowest rank and are undeveloped Districts.

1. BIS implies Basic Infrastructure and Services. 2. D referst to Developed, MD refers to Moderately Developed and U refers to Underdeveloped Basic infrastructure and services (BIS) Development index of Districts of Haryana reveal that in 2004-05 Faridabad rank first Gurgaon followed it. Faridabad, Gurgaon, Panipat are also t he industrial districts show the best parameters for length of surface road of roads 100 sqkm, credit deposit ratio, no. of bank office and post office per lakh of population, no. of hospitals and beds (per lakh of population, no. of school per 1000 school going children, teacher pupil ratio, % of literacy. Sirsa, Jind and Kaithal show lowest rank and are undeveloped Districts.

In Haryana as per 2001 census, women account for about 46.25 per cent (9780611 million) of the total population. Therefore, if the natural human eco-systems is to function properly, it is necessary that, apart from numbers, both the men and women enjoy equal social, economic and political status, and only such a society can be progressive or considered developed.‖[Lakshmana, (m. 2007) If there is wide inequality between men and women in Haryana, in terms of their socio-economic status, issue of women empowerment should be raised with the aim improving social, economic and political. As gender is very critical variable of development. ―The role of the Haryana is of vital significance in enabling her children to acquire high health and educational attainments. (HDR, 2005).‖.No. of female students in recognized school in Panipat, Sonepat, Rohtak, Rewari, Faridabad and Gurgaon are higher than male students. Their status has also shown the better parameters for life expectancy at birth and IMR. Amabla with highest life expectancy on one hand better parameters for IMR, also shos the development in educational attainment Rewari shows better position for both educational attainment and health attainment as both of these are mutually dependent on each other.

The general phenomenon in Haryana is the low occupational status of women. The proportion of women workers to total workers is low. There is also a wide gap in the percentage of workers between dependence on men is a general tendency of Indian women. In Mahendergarh, Rewari Bhiwani and Jhajjar female worker as percentage of total worker is higher. In these Districts the female work participation rate is higher. It is highest in Mahendergarh and lowest in Ambala which shows the best health and education indicators. It means that due to poor economic condition women work in Mahendergarh, Rewari, Bhiwani and Jhajjar. As Ambala, Karnal, Panchkula, Faridabad women participate to a lesser extent in work force.

The following schemes at present are aiming at women empowerment and gender equality in india like integrated child protection scheme (1 CPS 2009-10), Ujjawala,(2007,Swadhar,Integrated child development services (ICDS)1975, Rajiv Gandhi Scheme for empowerment of adolescent girls (RGSEAG 2010), Rastrira Mahila Kosh(1993),National Mission for Empowerment of women, women helpline to call police for help, Ladli yojna, Swadhar, Dhanlakshmi (2008),support of training and empowerment programme for women (STEP),Scheme for gender Budgeting. The Rajiv Gandhi National crèche scheme for children for working mother, Mahila kosh, women development corporation, Department of women and child development (setup in 1985),Enforcement of legislation on pre-natal diagnostic technique ACT passed in 1994, Death Sentence to rarest to care rape cases, Reservation in Panchayat Raj Institution etc. But inspite of all these programme, legislation and scheme, these are not properly implemented. So various step should taken so that women should be encouraged to play a more active part. There is a need for appropriate training and education relating to different aspects in functioning of Panchayat to make women member conscious about their role and repusentation in Panchayats. Only the women representations can play a vital role in the formulation and implementation of various women and child development programmes. The women representatives and gram Panchayats and local bodies should have enough control over the primary education, healthcare and public distribution system, recruitment of more female teachers in teaching and more female officers and constables in police can improve the whole scenario. As from the above study and review of literature it is clear that education and employment to women is the most important means to empower women in all spheres

family web is woven around the women. If a woman is educated and employed, she could fond for herself and her family during the hour of crisis. So, main stress should be on equal education, equal work, and elimination of discrimination in education employment. There should be universal education for every one child. The environment of sex determination of fetus, eve teasing, bride burning, child marriage, Harassment in offices and other workplaces, lower wages for labor, rapes, female torture, female feticide must be tackled in such a way that other can be taught a lesson. but most important step that must be taken is that women should be self empowered to interpret, apply and enforce laws of their own making, incorporating their own voices ,values and concern along with the education of female, education of male is must to bring a change in values and behavior of society and buildup positive socio cultural empowerment. Finally in conclusion promoting female literacy and social infrastructure is mostly required for economic development.

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Research Scholar, Institute of Management Studies Research, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana