Use of Barley Plant (Hordeum Vulgare l.) For the Phytoremediation of Sewage Effluent

I. INTRODUCTION

In the Phytoremediation method, the plant concept is used which is on the basis of system and microbiology procedure so the pollutants can be removed in the aquatic systems (Gupta, et.al., 2015). Plants are best selected because of the high biomass production they possess and the ability they have to suck up the nutrients from water and soil and the method is quite useful in the procedure of eliminating the nutrients. Bioremediation is a cleaning method for contaminated soils, wastewater and groundwater and it is slowly developing. It is a low-tech and low-cost technology and is described as using green plants for eliminating, containing or rendering risk-free environmental pollutants like trace elements, organic compounds, radioactive compounds, and heavy metals in the water or soil. Water pollution is now a considerable environmental issue and it is never pure from the chemical point of view as it comprises of different types of contaminations dissolved and suspended matter (Huang, et.al., 2005). After the toxic substances go in the lakes, oceans, rivers, streams, and other water bodies, they are melted or stay on hold in the water and are dumped which leads to the weakening in the quality of water and it impacts aquatic ecosystems. The pollutants are able to ooze down and affect ground waters. The contaminated water is mudded, foul, bad smelling and not appropriate to drink, wash, bath, etc. There are two kinds of water pollutants sources: point sources and nonpoint sources. When the damaging products are released in a water body directly, the point sources of pollution arise whereas nonpoint source provides the pollutants in an indirect way through the environmental changes. Controlling the water pollutant is a significant factor of the environmental protection. The majority of developing Indian cities does not have a treatment facility and just sidetrack the untreated domestic wastewater in the aquatic bodies such as rivers, ponds and lakes. Phytoremediation might seem to be an ideal solution here as it defines the environment pollution treatment with the plant usage. It is also used to define the system in which plants enter into the environment and can absorb the pollutants in the parts. There are researches conducted by investigators so the capacity of different plant species for different wastewaters and heavy metal elimination and other toxicants can be checked. Plants can do the similar work like the group of engineers in the phytoremediation and they can do it for one tenth of the cost in situ and ex situ. Plants which are required in treatment are evaluated and there is the analyzation and detection of the probability of recovering and reusing the costly metals. This technology is not appropriate for every site which is a major disadvantage. Plants would not be able to manage when the contamination runs too deep or is too much. There were researches conducted in which groundwater is pumped out and then treated. Phytoremediation is conducted with the techniques such as

There is the restriction of phytoremediation to surface region. The depth which is taken by roots, slow growth and low biomass need a prolonged commitment. It is impossible to protect the pollutants leakage in the groundwater with plant-based systems of remediation. Harmfulness of polluted land and the situation of the soil have an impact on survival of plants. The plant-based bioremediation technologies were focused as the approaches of cleaning the polluted water and soil. Different plant species show potential as the phytoremediation agents and the plants comprise of trees, grasses and numerous other monocots and dicots. Phyoremediatino technology uses the procedures which arise naturally and through them the plants and their related rhizosphericmicroflora destroy and confiscate the organic and inorganic pollutants (Asma, et.al., 2005). The enzymes that degrade the pollutants in the plants arise from natural defense systems in oppose of different kinds of allelochemicals produced by opposing organisms which comprise of microbes, insects and other plants. Numerous methods are there where the plants can be helpful in cleaning or remediating the polluted sites. If the pollutants are to be eliminated from soil, sediment or water, the plants breakdown or degrade the organic pollutants or contain and balance the metal pollutants by acting as filters or traps. The commitment of pollutants in the plants arises mostly because of root system where the significant mechanisms are detected which can protect the pollutant toxicity. Root system offers a huge surface region which captivates and gathers water and nutrients which are necessary for the development along with other non-essential contaminants. It is efficient to use trees instead of smaller plants for treatment of deeper pollution as the tree roots make a deep way in the ground. Deep-lying contaminated ground water can also be treated with the water pumping out of ground and the use of plants can do the treatment of contamination. Plant roots produce inorganic and organic compounds in rhizosphere which can lead to changes in soil-root interface. The organic compounds have an impact on number and actions of microorganisms, accumulation and balance of soil particles around root and the accessibility of contaminants. The organic compounds can increase or decrease availability of contaminants in root zone of plant in a direct or indirect way via changing the soil features, generation of organic products, changing chemical composition and growth in the microbial activity related to plant. Phytoremediation is an optional approach which is used with the mechanical conventional cleaning methods which usually need high capital inputs which are labour and energy intensive. cleaning approach on the basis of the idea of making use of nature so the nature can be purified. Barley is a grain which is way too significant at present and comes fourth in both quantities produced and in cereal crop cultivation. Yearly global harvest of barley in late century was around 140 million tonnes from around 55 million hectares. Barley is resourceful in many ways and is the most adaptable of all the cereals. Most of the barley of the globe is harvested in the exterior parts of the places where cereals like maize and rice are grown properly. Production of barley is done in arctic or subarctic too. There are several species that reach out to subtropical region. Hordeum species are observed in a lot of places which have Mediterranean climate and they are also seen in the areas which have an oceanic or continental atmosphere. Barley has a strong resistance to the dry heat in comparison to small grains and due to that; it is possible for that to grow around desert regions like North Africa. Barley originates from the grass family Poaceae and three kinds of barley can be found: 1) Hordeumvulgare: a six-rowed kind of barley which has a thorn marked on opposite sides with threespikeletsone a mark. A flower of a floret is found on every mark which becomes a kernel eventually; 2) Hordeum distichum: a two-rowed kind of barley with the essential florets releasing kernels and with the adjacent florets which are sterilized; and 3) Hordeum irregular: the least nurtured with productive essential florets and with the different proportions of productive and sterilized productive florets. There are a lot of arguments considering the origin of Barley. Barley is most probably originated from Egypt or China and the proof of its cultivation can be seen in other parts of the world too at points. It is argued that North-western Europe cultivated barley in 3000 BC. Barley is very old and its history of trading could not be found and its real origin will possibly never be found. There are also hesitations regarding the regarding the paths of subjugation of barley (Farid, S. 2003). Two-rowed variety was possibly the earliest recognized and most credible ancestor of barley. Majority of the hints are directed to spontaneum to be most probable immediate ancestor of cultivated barley. Each one of the six rowed types is because of the gathered mutations and hybridization. Barley is now used in many ways commercially and it is mostly produced as animal feed (Tabari, et.al., 2009). More than the half of barley produced in the United States of America is used as the livestock feed. There is same amount of nutritional value in Barley as feed or corn. Barley comprises of lot of carbohydrates, average amount of protein, calcium and phosphorus. There is a little amount of B

malt sprouts are used in the livestock feed too. Two-rower barley is observed usually in using the animal feed as it produced higher weight and ideal grain production. When beer and wines are created, barley is used there too. Around 25% of barley produced in United States of America is useful in malting and around 80% of that is used in making beer and 14% is used in making concentrated alcohol and 6% for malted milk, malt syrup, and breakfast foods. A little bit of the production of barley is used for human food as the pearl barley or the flour for the breakfast cereal. Barley is also at times produced as a hay crop in many regions. The smooth forms of barley are used in the production of hay. If the winter barley undergoes the process of sterilization prior to the stems beginning to extend, it can be used for hay. Most of the times, barley is a cereal grain which is well-known with the name of jau in India. Barley is the fourth most vital cereal crop before rice, wheat and maize. It is then transformed to malt so it can be used for different kinds of food preparation. Most of the times, Barley is applied in the food and fodder and there are a lot of different uses of barley in beer industry, food processing and feed manufacturing companies. As the demand for beer keeps increasing, the demand of barley faces a significant growth too. Additionally, more than 90% of the world malt production originates from barley. Ukraine, Canada, USA, Russia, European Union, and Australia are a few main producers of barley across the world as it forms around 75% of world production. There is a balanced production in India where Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh have the largest production of Barley with Saudi Arabia being the largest barley imported in entire world.

There is a bulk of wastage which is resulted from the quickness in industrialization. The effluents are released in environment once the treatment is done (developed nations) or most of the times, with no treatment (developing nations like India and Pakistan, etc.) The effluents are released in the water body or on the lands directly, that are agricultural most of the times. There are times too when the effluents are used for the irrigation because there is not sufficient water, more particularly for growing the vegetables and fodder, etc. There is very less amount of industries in Pakistan which have sufficient functioning treatment service setup due to which there is a common movement of the industries depositing the untreated wastes through open and covered pathways in the waterways that can destroy the quality of water (Farid, S. 2003). Heavy metals are gathered in living cells which can result into the decrease in the cell Water is a very vital requirement to maintain the natural ecosystems and human development. When there is a growth in human population and economic development increases, it would need increased amount of water and there would be competition between water demands of industrial, agriculture, residential and urban uses. There are a lot of biotic (nematodes, insects, pathogens) and abiotic (environmental pollutants, water and nutritive instability, thermal, water, wounds, pollutants) factors because of the plant stress and they can reduce the development and production of plant. Plants respond to the stressors via numerous inductive or constitutive mechanisms that lead to the removal of negative impacts or restriction of negative impacts caused by hostile factors. Civilization, agricultural activities, industrialization, and other environmental and global changes are the primary reasons for the contamination in water. There has been a detection of a lot of organic contaminants which pollute the water resources. Contamination because of the organic contaminants is too harmful as there is different kind of side effects and they are carcinogenic in nature (Yang, M. 2011). The industries are developing quickly which have multi-million-dollar markets such as phytoremediation, use of plants in remediating sites and phytomining, technology comprised in separating pollutants removed for business purposes. This solar-driven, green technology is usually chosen more in comparison to the traditional techniques of cleaning because it is cost-effective, has less influence and broader general approval. Efficiency of phytoremediation mostly relies on selecting the plant that should have the capacity to gather a bulk of heavy metals. The plants should also be able to please the other requirements: 1-metal concentration in shoots must be higher in comparison to roots; rapid development and high accumulating biomass and developments as an agricultural crop and entirely harvestable. Tabari and Salehi (2009) observed that the municipal wastewater can be used as an essential source of water and nutrients in the increasing Eldar Pine (Pinus eldaricaMedw.) trees for the growth in biomass production (Tabari, M. 2009). Zhang et al (2011) observed how monocot alone+dicot possessed the highest above ground biomass while monocot alone type possessed highest below ground biomass in the planting forms (Zhang, et. al., 2011). Human evolution resulted in the rapid development in science and technology. Global development can lead to new obstacles, more particularly in the region of environmental safety and the conservation.

dispensing water as well as nitrogen in the soil, using components to balance water and nitrogen and leaching of nitrogen to groundwater thoroughly (Rahil, et.al., 2007). After thorough examination, it was found that polluted water from municipalities can go through nitrification or denitrification to use this water for irrigation without spoiling the land or polluting the ground water. Generally, the quality of contaminated water can use in small portions to meet the plant N requirements. Moreover, when you use this waste water, it increases the salinity of the soil, organic matter and also easy to exchange Na, K, Ca, Mg and phosphorous that is available in plants while reducing the soil pH value. When you use the wastewater for irrigation, it would help you to increase the production of P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni and Cd in cauliflower and red cabbage crops. The problem with the disposal of polluted water and shortage of water in the drought areas would degree the use of treated waste water to use for irrigation. If the soil gets spoilt or lose its fertility, it would not produce rich crops, since the fertile land would only produce good crops as per Kiziloglu et al (2007). There is a huge demand for the growth of the country economically, agriculturally and industrially. But, when compared to this growth, it is important to keep the environment safe and pure. However, it is important for the country to stay economically, agriculturally and industrially strong. This development can only happen by polluting the environment as per Ikhuoria and Okieimen (2000). The environment is polluted due to the growth or proliferation of industries and this is increasing the industrial waste to a greater extent, be it the waste would be solid, gases or liquids. These three wastes are finally contaminating the water. The polluted water would take a toll on the soil fertility not just in the industrial areas, but also to the agricultural lands. Moreover, this also pollutes the river beds, thus creating a secondary pollution as per Kisku et al (2000). Usage of effluent industrial and sewage sludge in the agricultural fields has become a common thing in India. Therefore the contaminants that are present in the effluent would penetrate into the plant tissues from the soil that is already polluted. The ground water would be supplied to the fields. Moreover, the effluents would also comprise of essential nutrients that are required for the healthy growth of plants. There are different kinds of works that are carried out to improve the crop performance by using the effluent discharge through various sources as per Vogel et al (2005). Madhvi et al (2014) has carried out a study on morphological traits of spinach that is produced with the wastewater in Bhiwadi region of Rajasthan in India. Usage of wastewater to grow this plant has The size of the root weight ratio is basically expressed with the help of root development and nutrients that get in contact with the plant with the help of radical movement as per Erfani et al (2002). When there is an increase in the length of the shoot would decrease the length of the root as per A.esculentus by applying rich nutrients, which comprises of 40% sludge. This has been reported by many other researchers. The growth of the root would be kept intact despite the plant undergoing heavy stress. The plant is prone to low toxins by offering huge amount of root biomass as per Huang et al (2005). The term phytoremediation comprises of a Greek prefix phyto that is connected to the Latin root remedium. This is widely used for the soil sedimentation and also sludge as per Mueller et al (1999). This also relies on the ability of roots to stop getting contaminated by using bioavailability in the soil. Hyper accumulators that are present would take high amount of contaminants to its roots, leaves or shoots as per Ghosh and Singh (2005). The length of the stem has shown up high value by using the polluted water for irritation when compared to other controls. This point has taken the support of previously conducted studies in Hardwickia binata along with Wheat. Irritation that is carried out with sewage water would increase the length of the stem of rice crop as per Yoon and Kwun (2001) and the same kind of results would be observed in Barley crop that is in Boyerahmad region of Iran as per Rahimi and Pouzesh (2012). There is an increase in the growth of olive trees which are grown using wastewater is being reported. There are a few parameters that are increased in this tree like length of the stem, root, and leaf besides keeping the tree fresh with good dry weight. This was revealed in the investigation that was carried out recently. The industrial wastewater would comprise of heavy metals. The literature has found that there are a few essential nutrients that are found in this contaminated water which is required for the healthy growth of this crop as per. The growth of the plant would be good when there is enough water available and when the soil is fertile and hold high nutritious value as per Tabari and Salehi (2009). The shoots and leaves would grow bigger when this water is supplied to the roots of the plant. The roots would keep growing. The material in the ground water would provide the essential nutrients to the root to reach the shoot and promote the healthy growth of plants. There is severe impact of waste water on the physiological process of the plant that would let to the growth of the plant and also result in the growth of the number of leaves. When the leaves in the plant increase, it would hold the capability to

Use of sewage water for irrigation would increase the growth of sorghum leaf width and also increase its yield. The effect of waste water used for irrigation and growth of corn plant would be different. The grain that is yielded and biomass that are observed by the soil would reduce the usage of waste water for irrigation. However, this also reduces the crop yield as per Yaghmaei (2000). The cotton crop would also reap high yields by using waste water over the water that is especially used for irrigation. Rizwana et al (2014) explained about the key problem that is faced by the textile industry in producing huge volumes of colored waste water. The textile industry alone would discharge a huge gallon of water every day. This waste gets mixed with the drain water and then would flow into the rivers. This water is not treated before mixing with the drain water. This causes a serious health issue to the people and also contaminates the ground water. The textile wastewater would comprise of pollutants that would increase the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and also the Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and heavy metals. So, before letting the water mix with the other water, it has to be treated properly. There is a rigorous investigation that is carried out by using Phytoremediation with the help of Aquatic Macrophytes Treatment Systems (AMATS). This is the established environmental protective technique. There are common aquatic Macrophytes that are used to treat this wastepaper that are filled with ferns, weeds, lettuce, penny wort and hyacinth. This is very easy to construct and need very little or no skill to carry out the operations. Pathak et al (2012) has explained clearly about phytoremediation which would gather the species using technology and also green plants to give the best remedies for the waste that is dumped in the landfill sites. This has emerged as a key candidate. Phytoextraction is carried out with the help of hyper accumulating plant that is found as the most powerful method. However, dearth in understand about the physiological, biochemical and molecular mechanisms that are involved to drain out the metals that are presented in the water and that would pose a serious threat to the environment. When one discovers about the hyper accumulator plants, which comprises of heavy metals, it toxics the plants and would use plant species to elicit metals from soil to clean the soil and give a fertile one for the plants to growth healthy. Out of the techniques that are used to clean the polluted sites, phytoremediation has made as a reasonable and eco-friendly environment. Once a short description and introduction was given technology. Kumar et al (2015) has carried out a study using the traditional techniques to treat polluted water using chemical precipitation. However, this would not give the best solution, since contaminants would be merly transferd from contaminated water to the residue of the sludge and then is disposed in the landfill. The pollutants will find a way to mix up with the supplies of fresh water. Phytoremediaton is an environmental friendly technology that is used to balance the ecological in a cost-effective way. This is an alternative to the cleanup techniques that are available in the market. This technology would make use of aquatic plants to drain out the metals that are in the wastewater. Explosion of pollution along with industrialization would contaminate the air, water and soil with heavy metals and this would pose serious health hazards to the humans and would imbalance the ecosystem. There are a few heavy metals that are hard to decompose in the soil and ecosystem would pose a serious threat to the food chain and would result as one of the serious environmental and health issue that is prevailing in the society. The zinc present in the soil is hard to be observed by the plant and when this metal has accumulated in the soil, it results in toxicity symptoms. Moreover, this would take a toll on the yield production, growth of plants, chlorosis, and also reduces chlorophyll synthesis while degrading chloroplast. V.unguiculata would be able to grasp a huge amount of zinc and use the Phytoextraction property, which is easy to utilize to remove the zinc that has polluted the soil.

The waste that is accumulated from drainage of Naubasta area in Kanpur is collected in the plastic bottles around 6 to7 am and then the bottle cork is put quickly and these samples were pushed into the open cement pond that is located in the college garden for around a week to let the microorganisms to smash the solid organic waste. The polluted water is filtered using 80um plankton that is equipped with a net filter and this is then moved to the laboratory and is stored at the temperature of 40C in a refrigerator until the treatment analysis is done. There is a proper care that is taken to make sure that the sample is not shaken and is kept away from the sunlight when moving to the laboratory. To carry out this experiment, Hordeum vulgare L. was cultivated in the soil the conditions of pot culture. The fresh yield was produced by using the weight under the running water and then is rinsed

Dry matter is produced to find out the by drying and then chopping the samples of the mix plants and is kept in the oven heating at the temperature of 650C for around 24 hours to maintain the weight constant. These samples are then picked from the oven and are then placed in the cool area or desiccators for an hour to check the weight of the yield. Land plants, also called as Hordeum valgare are produced in different types of soils using the water that are treated with sewage effluent. There are different concentrations of sewage effluent that is taken from the soil where the pot culture of various plants would range from 0, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 ml/L at a regular period of time in test plants.

(Table-1) Fresh Matter Yield (Roots) of the barley plant that is grown for 45 days using sewage effluent The sewage effluent that is increased to 40% would increase the fresh yield of roots of the barley plants that are grown for around 45 days. In addition, when there is an increase in the sewage effluent level, it decreases the growth of fresh yield of roots of the barley plant that is grown for around 45 days. When you compare this with control, the fresh matter yield of roots of barley plants that are grown for 45 days maintain high importance in every level that is tested. (P = 0.01) When there is an increase in the fresh matter yield of the root of barley plants that are grown for 45 days would be of high importance (P = 0.01) holding 5% control. Moreover, there would be 10 over 5, 20 over 10 and 40 over 20% of sewage effluent. In addition, there would be 80 over 40% of the drainage effluent that saw a great importance with the decrease in the growth of the roots of barley plants that are grown for 45 days. The highest value of the fresh matter yield of the roots that are grown from barley plants for 45 days would see its growth by using 40% of sewage effluent.

When there is an increase in the sewage effluent to 40%, there would be an increase in the fresh matter yield of the tops of barley plants in 45 days. Moreover, if there is an increase in sewage effluent furthered, then it reduces the fresh matter yield of barley plants in 45 days. (P=0-01) in every level, i.e. 10, 20 and 40% level where 5% level would be considered as negligible. When there is an increase in the fresh matter yield of the tops of barley plants in 45 days, then there would be highly important of 10 over 5% and 40 over 20% (P=0.01). However, this crop would stop to show its importance when there is 5% of the control and 20 over 40% of sewage effluent. If there is a decline of the fresh matter yield of the tops of barley plants in 45 days, then it is of high importance at the rate of 80 over 40% of sewage effluent. There would be a maximum yield of barley plant crop in 45 days and this can be seen at 40% level of sewage effluent.

When there is a dry yield of roots of barley plants grow in 45 days, then there would be an increase in the sewage by 40%. In addition, further increase of this effluent would result in a decrease of the dry yield of roots in just 45 days of this barley plant. When you compare this with control, every test would be of high importance (P=0.01) and this would increase the dry yield of roots in just 45 days of barley plants. When there is an increase in the dry matter yield of the crop of barley plants in 45 days, then there would be just 5% of the control and 10 of 5% control and 20 of 10 percent control and 40 of 20% control of sewage effluent, which is of high importance (P=0.01). If the dry matter yield of the crop of barley plants would be reduced in 45 days, then it would be of high importance at 80 over 40% in the sewage effluent. There is a high value of dry matter yield of roots of barley plants in 45 days that is seen at 40% of sewage effluent.

When there is an increase in the sewage effluent of water to 40%, then there would be an increase in the dry matter yield of the tops of barley plants in 45 days. If there is a further increase in the sewage effluent, then there would be decreased in the dry matter yield of the tops of barley plants in 45 days.

increase in the dry matter yield of the tops of barley plants in 45 days. When there is an increase in the dry matter yield of the tops of the barley plants in 45 days, then there would be of high importance over 5% of control and there would be 10 over 5 and 20 over 10 and 40 over 20 levels of increase in the sewage effluent. When there is a reduction in the dry matter yield of the tops of barley plants in 45 days, then there would be 80 of 40 levels of sewage waste, which is of high importance (P=0.01). The highest value of dry matter yield of the tops of barley plants in 45 days will see 40% of sewage effluent.

Sewage gushing is one of the elective assets to take care of the water demand for farming practices. Based on test it very well may be recommended that sewage profluent ought to be blessed to receive diminish the centralization of toxins. The utilization of sewage profluent for water system may fill in as an extra wellspring of water with preparing properties after fitting weakening. Water system water quality influences the development of yields, as well as has long haul impacts on soil wellbeing, feed quality. This is an essential work as it proposed that supplements accessible are 40% sewage and sewage gushing might be utilized as appropriate fluid manure. It will diminish the amount of water required for water system and help in water protection and give supplements to the plants. Appropriate consideration ought to be taken in transfer sewage gushing to soil contamination.

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Research Scholar, Department of Botany, D. A. V College, Kanpur, UP, India