Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Crime against Women in Darjeeling District

INTRODUCTION

Crime has become a genuine worry for everybody living in the general public uncommonly in the advanced time (Zenelaj.et.al 2013). An eminent Indian rationalist, M. K. Gandhiji said "crime is a sickness like some other ailment and is a result of the predominant social framework." He further expressed that "nobody carries out crime for entertainment only of it. It is an indication of a sick brain. The specific reason for the sickness ought to be examined and taken out" (Singh 1992). As indicated by Oxford word reference "crime is an offense against a person of the state which deserves of law." It is the interaction of different segment, social and monetary elements (Goyal 1971). Tahir (1996) said crime is essentially a metropolitan marvels and a result of different factors and is likewise a ceaseless response of different conditions emerging out expanding urbanization. We sow a demonstration and harvest a propensity: We sow a propensity and procure a person: We sow a person and harvest a predetermination. William Black (1893) Crime is connected with human conduct and its investigation in context of room fits well in topography (Nandini 2001). As per Vidal de la Blache (1913) "topography is a study of spots as opposed to of men." However, geology of crime is the transaction of room, climate and quirk of spot (Herbert 1989). In spite of the fact that crime happens wherever against any person independent of standing, class, gender, and so forth, at the same time, this investigation is fundamentally founded on crime against women. From lady, man is conceived; to lady he is locked in and hitched. Lady turns into his companion; through lady, the people in the future come. To lady he is bound. So why call her awful? From her Kings are conceived. From lady, lady is conceived; without lady, there would be nobody by any means.

1. To dissect spatio-temporal patterns of crime against women in Darjeeling district. 2. To discover the concentration of victims and offenders of crime against women.

As per Swami Vivekananda, "a nation and a country that doesn't regard women would neither become extraordinary, nor ever, in future." Women have been considered more fragile than men from the physical and sociological point of view (Tatkare 2006). In Manusmriti, it has been noticed that women have consistently been reliant upon men, during youth on her dad, after marriage on her better half and on child during advanced age. It has additionally been expressed in it, that the situation with women in the general public can be checked from the way that the homes where women are regarded resembles the home of divine beings themselves; however where they are not, any remaining types of love become useless. Furthermore, it has likewise been said that love of women is love of God. Consequently in the Vedic time frame, women appreciated

accomplices, involved noticeable situation in social and strict get-together, monogamy was the standard and status of spouse and mother was exceptionally respected. In any case, since freedom, the situation with women has been on the decrease (Kumari 1993). As per Rig Veda (10-191-3), "Women are deserving of love. They are the destiny of the family, and the light of edification for all in the family. They carry comfort to the family and are a vital piece of dharmic life. Indeed, even paradise is under the According to Swami Vivekananda, "a nation and a country that doesn't regard women would neither become extraordinary, nor ever, in future." Women have been considered more fragile than men from the physical and sociological point of view (Tatkare 2006). In Manusmriti, it has been noticed that women have consistently been reliant upon men, during youth on her dad, after marriage on her significant other and on child during advanced age. It has likewise been expressed in it, that the situation with women in the general public can be measured from the way that the homes where women are regarded resembles the house of divine beings themselves; however where they are not, any remaining types of love become purposeless. Furthermore, it has likewise been said that love of women is love of God. Consequently in the Vedic time frame, women appreciated impressive opportunity in the family and society. They participated in open issues, sought after training, was striking and dynamic in choosing their accomplices, involved unmistakable situation in social and strict get-together, monogamy was the standard and status of spouse and mother was profoundly regarded. Yet, since autonomy, the situation with women has been on the decay (Kumari 1993). As indicated by Rig Veda (10-191-3), "Women are deserving of love. They are the destiny of the family, and the light of illumination for all in the family. They carry comfort to the family and are a basic piece of dharmic life.

As indicated by Singh (2010), in spite of the fact that women confronting crimes are portrayed in straightforward term as crime against women, however, in all actuality the need of great importance is to project it broadly for more noteworthy mindfulness in the general public. Since days of yore, crime against women which is neither culture nor locale explicit has been existing in different structures (abusive behavior at home, social brutality and so on) and is consistently pervasive in each general public (Doyel 1999). As per Tahir (1996), albeit various works had been done on crime against women, yet very few researchers had endeavored to clarify the spatial examination, which is the point of of police and media in their effort to control and featuring of the issues separately. Expanding remorselessness on women is a typical marvel discovered wherever in the country (Singh 2010). In Jharkhand, Orissa, Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh and Haryana 25 hundred women were killed for rehearsing black magic. (NGO RLEK Report 25th July, 2010). In Canada also instances of share demise and provocation of Indian women are wild (Doyel 1999). It is truth to take note of that despite the fact that women represent more than one-portion of mankind and work for almost two-third of the multitude of working hours, however get only one-10th of the world‟s pay and own short of what one percent of the world‟s useful resources (Patel,1978). As per Crime in India (National Crime Records Bureau), crime against women has been on the ascent since the time freedom as a result of colossal expansion in populace, enormous scope rural to metropolitan relocation and ascent of ensuing social issues like blockage, joblessness, and so on As indicated by Rao (1983), in like clockwork a crime is perpetrated against lady in the country, each 56 moment a lady is assaulted, each 26 moment attacked, and each 102 moment an endowment demise happens. In 1996 World Bank arranged a report on women‟s advancement based on Gender Development Index (GDI) and found that it changed from one country to another. These distinctions were because of low revealing of rates like rape and badgering. The impression of dread is more among women because of which they possess a lower position and are likewise threatened, damaged and abused.

• Rape (Sec. 376 IPC) • Kidnapping and Abduction for indicated purposes (Sec. 363 – 373 IPC) • Homicide for Dowry, Dowry Deaths or their endeavors (Sec. 302/304-B IPC) • Sexual Harassment (Eve-Teasing) (Sec. 509 IPC) • Importation of young ladies ( as long as 21 years old ) (Sec. 366-B IPC)

• Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act,1956 • Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 • Indecent Representation of women (Prohibition) Act, 1986 • Commission of Sati (Prevention) Act, 1987

From the decadal investigation of crime against women in India between 1981 to 2011, under various heads it was tracked down that such crimes expanded from 34,900 to 2, 28,650. In 1981, just assault, hijacking and kidnapping and Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956, were recorded. In 1981 hijacking and kidnapping was 13,833, which expanded to 12300 out of 1991, trailed by 14645 out of 2001, and an astounding 35,565 out of 2011. In 1981 there were 5,409 assault victims which rose to 9,793 of every 1991, 16,075 out of 2001 and 24,206 out of 2011. Among all crimes, torment was the most extreme with in 1991 was 15,949, which more than triple to 49,170 out of 2001 and nearly multiplied to 99,135 of every 2011. A portion of these crimes like Importation of Girls, Immoral Traffic (Prevention) and Indecent Representative of Women (Prohibition) Act, 1986, diminished from 114 to 80, 8,796 to 2,435 and 1,052 to 453 during 2001 to 2011. Attack cases expanded from 20,611 of every 1991 to 34,124 out of 2001 and 42,968 out of 2011. Endowment demise positioned fifth among every one of the crimes and recorded 5157, 6851, and 8,618 in the years 1991, 2001 and 2011 individually (NCRB 1981, 1991, 2001 and 2011.).

The occurrences of crime against women is heightening each day and despite the fact that it isn't new, however women in Indian social orders have been victims of torment, embarrassment and abuse since the time we have set up accounts of social associations and day to day life (Ahuja 1986). In this section initially, a temporal pattern of crime against women is examined exhaustively which happened during various time-frame in Darjeeling district and accentuation has been made on pace of crime against women which happened in 1981, 1991, 2001 and 2011 in the districts of West Bengal and brought Darjeeling district into spotlight further as a contextual investigation. The above has been done exhaustively as one of the major goals of the investigation – is to distinguish a large scale level example of crime against women over the course of the years in the districts of West Bengal and accordingly arrange Darjeeling in a legitimate viewpoint. A comparative report was endeavored by Tahir (1996), in which she investigated topography of crime just as crime against women in Delhi and contrasted it and other metropolitan urban areas of India. In this part all out cognizable crimes, pace of crime against women, and its development rate just as rate share has been examined exhaustively for the years 1981, 1991, 2001, and 2011 for every one of the districts of West Bengal. In any case, while talking about Darjeeling, other than the above investigation, crime against women is additionally examined indepth and thus crime information for Darjeeling has been dissected for each successive year from 2004 to 2014. In conclusion, spatial examination of occurrence of crime against women is talked about at block level of Darjeeling district.

Figure 1.1 shows the complete cognizable crimes in rates which happened during 1981, 1991, 2001 and 2011. It has been seen from the figure that greatest number/level of crime happened in 1981 in district 24 Parganas North (26.3 percent) trailed by Kolkatta in 2001 (20.12 percent), 2011 (12.35) and 1991 (19.98 percent). In Darjeeling greatest crimes happened during 2001 (3.12 percent) trailed by 2.92 percent in 1991 and 2.64 in 1981 just as 2011.

Fig 1.1

It is clear from figure 2.2 that the greatest rates of crime against women in 2011 happened in district Murshidabad (32.19 percent) and Coochbehar had the most extreme in 1981, 1991, just as in 2001 (2.23, 9.45 and 21.63 percent separately). It is seen that the greatest crime happened in 2011 when contrasted with the former years. Most extreme level of crime against women in Darjeeling happened in 2011 (14.26) while in 2001 it was 6.56 percent and 1.49 in 1991, however its offer was high in 1981 (2.16 percent). In this manner an example of rise and fall in crime event was seen in Darjeeling.

It is clear from figure1.3 which shows crime against women during 1981, 1991, 2001, and 2011, that the most noteworthy level of crime against women in 1981 and 1991 was recorded in 24 Parganas North (30.17 and 14.32 separately). In any case, during 2001, Midnapore had the most noteworthy (11.34) percent and in 2011 Murshidabad had the most elevated (15.76 percent). Darjeeling recorded (3.32), (2.65), (1.93) and (1.87) percent of crime against women during 1981, 1991, 2001 and 2011 separately consequently pursuing a declining direction.

In the current investigation crime against women and its spatial temporal patterns in the district of Darjeeling are dissected. The investigation endeavored to inspect the determinants of spatial varieties. The three levels at which the topography of crime against women were attempted are (I) where the offenses happened and its determinants (ii) from where the offenders are and (iii) from where the victims are. Ensuing upon the writing survey and from the logical structure of the investigation, the end drawn was that crime is a result of complex interchange of different segment, financial, ecological and infrastructural offices and must be seen in that light.

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Associate Professor, A. K. College, Shikohabad, UP, India