Human Trafficking: A Bibliometric Analysis Using Scopus Database

1. INTRODUCTION

Human trafficking entails forced labour, sex slavery and trafficking for the trafficker or anybody else. The human trafficking The provision may entail forced marriage of organs or tissue to the spouse, including egg substitution and removal. People might be trafficked throughout or inside the nation. Trafficking in people is a criminal act against the person since the victim's rights to travel by compulsion and trafficking are violated. Human trafficking is the trade in people, mostly women and children, and doesn't imply that people move from one place to another. The trafficking of people is comparable to the one specified by the smuggler's permit and also known as the smuggling of immigrants and trafficking in persons. Trafficking through force and exploitation of people may lead to smuggling. Trafficked humans are held by acts of force against their will and forced to work for traffickers or to provide services to others. According to the International Labor Organization, forced labour alone (one part of human trafficking) is expected to generate $150 billion in yearly revenues by 2014 (ILO). In 2012, the ILO projected that 21 million people were enslaved in modern slavery. Of those harvested, 14.2 million was harvested (68%), 4.5 million (22%) were sexually harvested and 2.2 million were harvested (10 percent). The ILO has stated that the risk of increased exploitation for young labourers, minorities and irregular migrants is significant. Statistics indicate that over half of the world's 215 million teenagers were discovered in unsafe situations, like forced sex work or street bidding. Ethnic minorities and highly underprivileged communities are frequently supposed to work in some of its most exploitative and hazardous regions such as leather, mining and quarry jobs.

To our fundamental understanding, sexual trafficking and bond labour or slavery are part of our business. Due to the technological improvement, the following may be further classified: • Sexual exploitation: Mainly women are the victims. Women are compelled to participate in sexual acts in this procedure. It may happen at venues of prostitution and in brothels. • Labour exploitation: It includes people working as bound labourers or slaves in order to coerce and punish them for not working and compel them to pay little to lower their debt. They may conclude the contracts with their approval for this reason. The worker works for lengthy durations inside the employer's house, subject to certain restricted pay limits. People may use force or the way employers threaten the house to perform their sexual favour. • Forced marriage: During king's eras, this sort of marriage has happened to win a nation to extend its realm. It may be seen recently to enter a nation of certain people. This may occur with physical aggression due to sexual and psychological stress. • Criminal activities: Coercion is seen as a major cause of such acts. Involve the individual in growing illicit items such as cocaine and certain other related narcotics. Anybody other than the original users may access the personal data of any individual to support them in credit card theft or automatic theft. Without knowledge of the internet, it leads in the hacking of personal data. They have been compelled to be victims and perpetrate crimes. • Children as victims: It covers both men and women in this respect. They are coerced into working in the culinary chores and other violent or illegal activities as bound slaves under military camps. The women are coerced without taking into account their age to undergo sexual exploitation. The youngsters range from 10 to 18 years of age and are considered minors. • Organ trafficking: The people will carry the victims' organs for money somewhere. The victim in this case has both gender and the same age. It comprises everyone from young to elderly, and even deceased people. It may occur with or without your permission. If with the permission and for the sake of money the victim does this, it may be tricked and known as organ trading. If a person is knowledge. In certain hospitals they would make the individual think erroneously that they have some illness and ensure they are cured to export or earn more. Sometimes the deceased person's organs are also carried, without the approval of their relatives. • Skin trafficking: This is comparable to organ trafficking, except it is for the skin because of the tiny variation. When the demands are great, the victim's skin is peeled and sold more. It also comprises people of all ages and sexes.

Purbita Gupta and Jayanta Choudhury “The Author examines the various types of trafficking and also the geographical extent of trafficking in India and other places in "Tripura Perspect." "Trafficking with women and children" The report emphasises the efforts being made in the field of prevention and the fighting of women and children by a number of international organisations and UN agencies like as UNIFEM, UNICEF, ILO, United Nations DP, UNODC, etc.. It also highlights a number of actions done by the Government and NGOs in India. An empirical study was undertaken in Tripura on trafficking of women and children. The writers argued that prostitution is not true in all circumstances. the ultimate objective of trafficking. The objective of each instance might be different. P.M.Nair, IPS "Trafficking in women and children in India" This book was based on a study carried out with Unifem assistance and led by the Institute of Social Science commissioned and commissioned by the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) (ISS). Victims are questioned in this trafficker; it shows the multifaceted character of the issue, the loopholes in legislation, the flaws in law enforcement, organised mafia participation and the victims of agonies. It shows that India is a source, transit and country of destination for the daily exploitation of thousands of women and children. The research demonstrated a substantial correlation between migration and trafficking and found a key strategy to combat trafficking to tackle understand the human component and practise the proper response to the issue. the study indicates that the law enforcement authorities are of crucial importance in combatting trafficking. S. K. Ghosh "The Prostitutes' World" The author's prostitution survey correctly focuses his modern manifestations and brings us to face the gross realism of the fact that prostitution storey isn't only the life storey of "fallen angels" but also the complex and global deprivation, exploitation and continued viola. theory of prostitution in ancient societies Different international Conventions to fight prostitution-related problems are also examined in length. In several nations throughout the globe, the author provides facts concerning the cross-country adoption of children by unscrupulous middlemen who urge to sell their children, stating they would be adopted for exploitation by good-off families from affluent nations. The author claims that there are three tendencies in the globe since the second half of the 20th century in terms of government participation in prostitution. The first concerns total prohibition, which states that prostitution is unlawful. Secondly, regulations which include governmental supervision of prostitution, by means of processes like prostitute registration and licencing, compulsory medical checkups, fingerprinting and carrying police identity cards. The third was to decriminalize the freedom of the police, the judiciary and to put an end to the demeaning system in which prostitutes are continually arrested, punished and allowed to work. The author recommends that forced prostitution and international trafficking in women and children for the sake of prostitution be abolished. By enhancing public awareness and understanding of prostitution and its exploitation, the media may play a very effective role. The author emphasized that prostitution and trafficking are the same notion. In truth prostitution does not lead to prostitution as a result of trafficking in all crimes. K.C. Tarachand The author sought to investigate many of the difficulties such as origin, functions, variables affecting his functioning, role of political situation in society, and the significance of the Devadasi custom in rural social structures and flesh market. In particular in the realm of fearful complex studies, sinkriticisation, and related subjects, the author has raised several concerns that might offer room for much more investigation. In the city in the ceremonial sector of the sanctuary, the author has researched commercial prostitutes. It has been revealed that up to 35% of business prostitutes were devadasi in his sample. Further investigation into the issue also showed that some of these girls had been victims of rape and kidnapping and thereafter were untraditionally devoted to the devastation, to save the honour of their family and to bring their children genuine status. The tradition of rituals and deities is mistreated and mistreated. The writers argue that in the rural structure by increasing their financial and education. This is not enough to penalise the participants. Victims should be restored to prevent them from entering the profession again. K.K. Mukherjee "Trade of Flesh" Report provides a detailed picture of the locations prone to the flesh trade, the nature of the transaction and the victims and the contributions of the flesh trade. It also proposes some rehabilitation techniques for flesh traffickers and how non-governmental organisations with their involvement may monitor and prevent them. William W. Sanger "Prostitution history's scope, causes and consequences worldwide" author of this book explains in depth the practise of prostitution in areas of the globe and the pitiful state of their age. Kum Kum Roy The author analyses the situation of women from the Vedic time to the present "Women in Early Indian Societies". Taxes were payable frequently by the prostitutes. They were seen as goods or twigs therefore she was included in the priest's dakshina price. They had little for the elderly and the disabled..

There has been implemented a bibliometric technique. The research period was established between 2000 and 2017. The research period was predicated on the premise that, with the introduction of the UN Trafficking Protocol which was approved in December 2000, HT garnered considerable public attention.

Selection of keywords is very important in bibliometrical analysis, since these keywords have a direct influence. The search technique for the present research was based on title or title or abstract search with particular restrictions, in order to reduce false positive results (Table 1). Keywords were selected from the literature on HT previously published [20, 48,49,50,51]. The Search Strategy was confined but was not confined to any language to materials published in academic publications. The search was place online on 03 June 2018.

It was feasible to estimate the number of HT documents in the healthcare sector, defined as papers in medicine, nursing, psychology, pharmacology, neurology, general health, microbiology/immunology, biochemistry and dental practise, using the function known as the topic area. The overall number of documents related to health and non-health was larger than the total number of documents that were collected, given that certain publications are both indexed in medicine and in social sciences. Documents concerning health have also been broken down into several areas such as mental health, health policies and systems, maternity and reproductive health, non-communicable and infectious illnesses.

In the current research, 10 most active nations, institutions, journals, authors and ten most referenced publications were given as bibliometric indicators. The use of number 10 as the results threshold was an arbitrary pick employed in bibliometric research previously published.

The author's affiliation has been used to evaluate research cooperation. In the context of international research collaboration, for example, papers with authors of various country affiliations, while papers segmentation of authoraffiliation-based documents. The number of papers with foreign authors was thus computed for each country as a proportion of the total number of papers published by that country. Multiple country publications (MCP) and the amount of international cooperation were referred to as international authors' documents.

The network visualization maps utilising VOS viewer were given with a joint analysis, worldwide cooperation and keyword analysis (Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands). In order to construct line presentation of a yearly rise in publications, the Statistical Paket for Social Sciences (SPLSS) was utilised (SPSS, Chicago, Netherlands). ArcGIS 10.1 software (Esri; USA) has been utilised to map the global research contribution via a geographic information system utilised in bibliometric investigations. The GIS map enables a better understanding of the geographical contribution to a scientific subject.

2044 papers were collected in total (Additional file 1). Eight categories of documents were collected: publications from research (1553; 76.0%), review (280; 13.7%); notes (66; 3.2%); news pieces (46; 2.3%), letters (30; 1.5%); brief surveys (23; 1.1%); conferences (22,1%) and unclassified papers (23; 1.1%). (24; 1.2 percent). During the research period, the number of documents found grew considerably (linear regression: β = 0.978, P <.001, R2 =.956; Figure 1). It was anticipated that 293 papers would be released by 2020 if this trend continued.

Visualized most of the common keywords (Fig. 2). The map highlighted 5 clusters: (1) the trafficking in organs, (2) the trafficking in children, (3) forced labour, (4) the trafficking in females and (5) slavery. More analyses of the papers collected have shown that 771 (37.7%) papers dealing with sex trafficking, 616 (30.1%) with regard to trafficking in labour, 199 (9.7%) with regard to trafficking in children and 138 with regard to trafficking in organic goods, respectively. The remaining papers were generic or numerous trafficking paperwork.

A total of 707 papers (34.6 percent) were in the health area, although there were some minor overlap (1526) (74.7 percent) in social sciences and humanities. The analysis of the results indicated that 971 papers (47.5%) dealt with legal and criminological matters, 238 (11.6%) with health policies and systems, 200 (9.8%) with social work and 183 (9.0%) with mental health matters (Fig. 3).

Authors from 91 different countries have published the recovered materials. The top ten active countries published 1478 (72.3 percent) publications (Table 2). The United States has put the most amount of published papers (735; 36.0 percent). Five countries were on the top ten active list for Western Europe, two for North America, one for the West Pacific, and one for South East Asia, and one for Latin America. The regional distribution showed that the least contribution to research was done in places where HT was important, such as South East Asia, East Asia, Africa and Latin America[6] (Fig. 4).

International research cooperation analyses for the Top 10 active nations reveals India with international research cooperation the greatest proportion (49%). In contrast, with international research cooperation, Brazil had the least proportion of papers (12 percent). Only 12,5 percent of US writers' materials include writers from other nations, leading in the number of publications. Only 238 (16.1%) of the 1478 papers

Harvard Institution (No. = 39; 1.9%) was the region's most actively operating university, followed the British Columbia University (Canada) in the UK and the UK (Table 3). Four are among the top 10 active institutions in the US, three in Canada, and three in the UK.

Author research networks with a minimum of five research results indicated only two research clusters (Fig. 5). Six authors with Zimmerman, C. as part of this cluster were in the First Cluster (red). Five writers having Silverman and J as members of this cluster were in the second cluster (green).

This research aims at evaluating and analysing literature published on HT. The absence of academic or legal agreement on the concept of HT and an ambiguous distinction between victims who were trafficked, exploited persons and vulnerable migrants is complicating the quantitative analyses of literature on HT. Some scholars, for example, discuss undocumented immigrants who end up becoming the victims of HT in prostitution. The study was the first to examine volume, growth, research trends and research areas in HT published in academic journals, notwithstanding these technological problems. The results from this research demonstrate that, in contrast to the literature on 21 million persons labelled as refugees, the overall number of papers obtained for HT was minimal. HT may be ascribed to the methodological, operational, illegal and concealed character of the publications. Another possible cause of the restricted number of HT publications is restricted research cooperation, which can be seen by the average number of authors per document and the proportion of papers with foreign authors. It is difficult to explain the findings regarding international cooperation in research but might be ascribed to a lack of communication, motivation, financing and international conferences, which might allow professionals to congregate in this sector.

The current research has shown that, despite the possible danger to national health safety from HT, health-related research is underrepresented. Health, as opposed to the actions in the sectors of specialists believe, despite being seen as a danger to global health safety, the health sector has minimal participation in the trafficking dialogues and research. The existence of TB and sexually transmitted illnesses among the victims of trafficking threaten the public. Several previously published research were consistent with the results of the current research on the lack of representation of the labour market in relation to trafficking in sex. Intensive engagement of public health specialists in a worldwide discourse on HT is required for the promotion and progress of HT health research. Public health specialists and health journal editors must establish an international platform that would encourage researchers from many regions of the globe to engage in HT research. Global public-health objectives gain from this by clarifying HT issues, such the exploitation and smuggling in Africa, Asia and the Middle East, in which exploitation of employment might not be seen as criminal or a violation of human rights. A full investigation of the health aspects of HT will be developed via research networks that involve experts from both destination and source countries.

The current survey shows that the majority of the literature and the subjects covered reflect rather than source nations the view of the destination. The source nations are regarded to be the ones with no or minimal democratic standards; high levels of corruption; and weak economic development that provide unequalled luxury to research and academic study. The nations of source may not have sufficient public health researchers or HT specialists to impact their literature contributions in this area. Migration and trafficking are advocated in their national and international policy objectives. Healthcare professionals, social health professionals and global health diplomats experts in countries of origin need to participate in creating evidence-based knowledge regarding ways of recruiting victims from countries of origin by traffickers. Legal and labour specialists must offer migrants with precise information to improve awareness of the use and trafficking of labour. In the nations where there is a humanitarian crisis or an armed conflict, young desperate men and women would make rapid decisions on migration in the expectation of better lives and higher salaries, the awareness of being a possible trafficker victims is crucial. For the countries of destination, health professionals and specialists on public health need to identify the working environment and health risks of migrant workers who may be victims of HT. Strict legislation must be drafted by policymakers to provide migrants legal and health protection similar to domestic employees. Health officials need to create methods that identify HT victims when they visit a medical institution and provide them with experts need to build specific criminal rules based on worldwide diplomatic cooperation to combat HT-related groups.

The area of sex trafficking has been dominated by published literature in the present investigation. The over-representation of sex trafficking shows that there are little studies on other kinds of trafficking, including work trafficking. Trafficked workers are living and working in difficult circumstances, which might include passport seizure, poor incomes, sex slavery and lack of basic health requirements. In order to provide more evidence-based evidence in this sector, research areas in the labour trafficking industry should be improved, supported, sponsored and encouraged.

There are certain limitations to the present research. Using Scopus to recover HT literature, a particular distraction from nations with a big amount of Scopus indexed journals was produced. Scopus favours academic reviews, which publish materials in English. Consequently, documents published in HT were not retrieved in non-English. The present research does not include grey literature, as does all previous bibliometric research. The search approach utilised in this investigation might have produced misleading or incorrect results. Those restrictions should thus be taken into account in the interpretation of the findings.

This is the first study to evaluate research work in the area of HT. In comparison with criminal, judicial and societal components of ht, the current research shows that the health elements of HT are under-repressed. In contrast to sex trafficking and exploitation, research on the labour market was similarly under-represented. The HT literature reflects the goals of destination nations of Asia, Latin America, Africa, the Middle East and the Eastern European nations with a minor contribution. For non-sexual objectives, further study initiatives should provide light on trafficking. Research networks must also be developed by the inclusion of academics from the countries where trafficking survivors or exploited migrants are found. Increased financing should be encouraged to support research on HT in different locations worldwide, through international research partnerships and research networks.

1. ECOSOC, UN (2003). Combating Human Trafficking in Asia: A Resource Guide to International and Regional Legal Instruments, Political Commitments and Recommended Practices. 2. INTERPOL (2002). Manual For Investigation. The Interpol Working Group on Trafficking in Women for Sexual Exploitation. (restricted in circulation) 3. Anand, A.S, Chief Justice. 2004. Justice for Women, Concern and Expression, 2nd ed: Universal Law Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. 4. NHRC. 2002. Information Kit on Trafficking in Women and Children. 5. NHRC, UNIFEM and Institute of Social Sciences, Trafficking in Women and Children in India, Orient Longman, 2005. 6. https://www.unodc.org/ documents/ human trafficking / 2011 / Responses to Human Trafficking in Bangladesh India Nepal and Sri Lanka.pdf 7. Trafficking: National Women‘s Resource Council for India (n.d.). Retrieved October 26, 2009 8. UNICEF (2008). Understanding the Convention on the Rights of the Child 9. Sen, S. (2004). A Report on Trafficking in Women and Children in India 2002"2003. New Delhi: National Human Rights Commission, UNIFEM, Institute of Social Sciences. 10. Pandey, B., Jena, D., & Mohanty, S. (2002). Trafficking in Women in Orissa ,Institute for Socio Economic Development (ISED). Retrieved November 9, 2009 11. INCIDIN. (1997). Misplaced Childhood: A Short Study on the Street Child Prostitutes in Dhaka City. Red Barnet/Danish Save the Children, Dhaka. 12. IOM. (2002). In search of dreams: study on the situation of the trafficked women and children from Bangladesh and Nepal to India. Dhaka. 13. Dr. P. M. Nair, Trafficking in Women and Children for Sexual Exploitation Law Enforcement Agencies in India Published by UNIFEM, New Delhi Tripura perspective, NABA Chandana Prakashani, Kolkata, ed, 1st 2012 15. K.C. Tarachand (1992). ―Devadasi Custom , Rural Social Structure and Flesh Markets‖, Reliance Publishing House, New Delhi. 16. S. K. Ghosh (1984). ―Women in Changing Society‖, Ashish Publishing House, New Delhi. 17. K.K Mukherjee (1989). ―Flesh Trade‖- A Report, Publisher The Gram Niyojan Kendra, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Research Scholars, Department of Sociology, Sai Meer Degree College, Uttar Pradesh