Hygiene and Reproductive Healthcare Practices

INTRODUCTION

Here it should be pointed out that in July 1993 the Indian Government established an Evaluation Committee under the presidency of Dr. Swaminathan to assess the National Family Welfare Program and develop the new National Public Policy. There were various proposals in the research including one that was significant in changing the programme to help couples achieve their reproductive goals from pursuing national demographic targets. Many of the proposals complied with the ICPD action plan. India's programme for family welfare is substantially changing its paradigm. It symbolizes a move from a merely demographic objective to the establishment of an integrated national development plan that takes account of the objectives of the international population, women and development conferences in Cairo and Beijing. The ICPD assisted to speed up the procedure. The first stage was to replace the strategy of method-specific family planning with a reproductive and child health (RCH) strategy, which is 'supplying high-quality, integrated RCH-services based on needs, customer focused, demand driven' (GOI, 1997).

"Production of health in every area relating to the reproductive system and the activities and processes thereof means total physical, mental and social well-being and not just an absence of sickness or sickness. Therefore, reproductive health requires individuals to have a satisfactory and safe sexual life, to be able to reproduce and to determine whether, when and how frequently to reproduce them. This latter condition is implicit in the right of men and women to be informed and to have access to a safe, effective, cost-effective and acceptable method of family planning of their choice, and to the right of access to appropriate health services which will make it possible for women to enter into pregnancy safely and in full. It also encompasses sexual health aimed at enhancing life and personal relationships and not only advice and treatment relating to reproduction and sexually transmitted illnesses." (International Action Programme). The focus on reproductive health offers a mechanism to meet the needs of women and men in terms of health and demographic challenges. Specific reproductive events, including pregnancy and childbearing, affect both women's health and demographic patterns typically stressed. Reproductive health nevertheless presents a protracted and inextricable process connected with women's position and function in their families and society, not merely biological occurrences of conception and delivery.

Reproductive health approach links demographic problems, in particular fertility reduction, to a range of health and socio-economic status objectives for women. It also emphasises the requirements and responsibilities for sexual reproductive behaviour of certain target groups, such as adolescents. Adopting this method means extending the field of family planning beyond the different stages of life cycle to include other dimensions of human

Preventing unwanted pregnancy by providing a family planning service which is accessible and high quality, depending on couples' reproductive requirements. • Secure and post-abortion care; • Safe Motherhood Services, including Services for Prenatal and Neonatal mortality and post-neonatal mortals, to enhance maternal morbidité and mortality. • Prevention and treatment of diseases of the reproductive tract and sexual infections and transmission to HIV/AIDS; • Adolescents are provided with reproductive health treatments; • Improving nutrition of mothers and children, including support for breast feeding; • Specific gynecological concerns such as screening and management • Malignancies of the reproductive system, including cancer of the breast. A new dimension to safe parenting, family planning and the STDs is provided by the Reproductive health concept. Integrating them to prevent isolation allows communities to deal with the problem of territoriality in a more extensive way.

The elimination of this aim was the first step of the Indian Reproduction and Child Health Program (RCH). In October 1997, the HCR Scheme was formally opened by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Key components of the Strategy include community input in server design, a multi-sector approach to service delivery and monitoring, a customer-centered, gender responsive service provision strategy. The RCH programme is an integrated operational alternative strategy to vertical programmes that improve health in the last ten years for young women and children. It includes all CSSM components and has two additional components, one for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and the other for other reproductive tract illnesses (RTI).

Caserta et al. (2010) In this study, fertility, fertility, gestation, trans generative exposure and effects, the environment and reproductive health of women were summarised and classified. We recommend use of factors such as genetic polymorphisms and nutritional habitat in EDCS studies, in part due to limitations imposed by practical limits in this area.

Greene (2005) It notes that there is now a lot of information suggesting that although access may be increased nationally in many nations, access amongst various socioeconomic categories is not equal. Poverty is a critical element that excludes many. For instance, research have indicated that women who live in the wealthiest quintiles have more than three times more access to an experienced childbirth attendant and that they are eight times higher than those in the poorest of Sub-Saharan Africa. Hariharsahoo (2007) "Conceptive use determinations in Orissa; national family health survey analysis lii" has been investigated. The pair seeks to analyse the factors using data taken from the 2005-06 Orissa National Family Health Survey III. Data from the 2001 Family Welfare Year Book were also obtained. The current research has included both bi-variate and multivariate analyses. The study included the numerous predictors: caste, religion, educational level of women, site of residence, the family wealth index, women's job status, number of living child(s), marriage age, child mortality, and exposure to mass media. Only one-third of women who use contraception in Orissa with one kid were found to utilize the results. Jagdish Prasad et. al., (2007) Consider a research on "Trends and the estimation in the districts of Rajasthan of the various contraceptive needs." In this study, the trends and the prediction of various ant conceptive requirements in the districts of Rajasthan have been identified. For and research, secondary data were utilised. The results demonstrated a considerable increase in the acceptance of family planning methodology for some areas in Rajasthan. Using the least square approach, the results from three separation techniques - intrauterine devices (IUDS), condom family planning might be beneficial when creating family planning policy. Matthews (2005) Many research have established the effects of traditional practises and beliefs on services. In many countries, for example, traditional healers' services to public health practitioners, particularly SRH, is routine practise; a research in India has shown that many pregnant women prefer lay care over those of a parental woman. Nalinsinghnegt et. al. (2010) Evaluated the research for the Antenatal Care Studies of Chattisgarh and Jharkhand on women, The survey analyses the impacts of socio-economic and demographic characteristics on the utilisation of prenatal services by health professionals or others between tribals and non-tribals (age, social class, marital religion duration of surviving children etc.). It also analyses the effects of ANC Service use on reproductive and child health services' availability and accessibility (RCH). Narahari et. al. (2009) In his research "Porta; a study on the paediatric practises," 260 ever-wedded women who have at least one child, a porja, a primitive group of district Visakhapatnam and Andhra Pradesh, samples come from 18 munchagiputtu villages and pedabayalumandals, were recorded. The study includes a number of children from the Porya region. The data reveal that virtually all mothers quickly began feeding their kids, over 71% of respondents squeezed colostrums out, milk was enough to start feeding the infant. The colostrums, which are a thick yellow and rich liquid that offer a natural immunity, deprived their newborns. This may be because to analphabetism and lack of consciousness. Olanrewaju et. al. (2007) Evaluates the research "HIV voluntary advice and testing of primary health pregnant women 39 Centers in Ilesa, Nigeria." 39 Centres. This research was conducted to assess the prevalence of HIV as a method to reduce mother-to- child transmission and the acceptability of HIV volunteer advice and testing (VCT) (PMTCT). Methods: Trained field workers conducted group and individual pre- and post-test advice. Two consecutive quick HIV tests were used for HIV infection screening. The HIV positive pregnant women also participated in focus groups. Outcome: 587(80.6%)pregnant women have been tested following pre-test advice. 69 ladies (9.5%) obtained a good outcome. The outcome was positive. The ladies were advised that mother to child HIV infection should be prevented. Of the ladies allowed to use the PMTCT FACILITIES, thirteen (18.8 percent). This is primarily due to the notion that they could not pass on HIV to unborn children because of no use of PMTCT facilities. preservation for medical reasons The purpose of this research was to explore the behaviour of women in Belgium towards social oocyte freezing 1049 women with a response rate of 55 percent completed the electronic questionnaire and 25 women were removed since they were incomplete/inconsistent. Our findings show, 31% of the respondents regard themselves, of which 3.1% would definitely contemplate the surgery, to be prospective social oocyte freezers. Just over half of the ladies (51.8%) did not take the process into consideration, while 16.7% said they had no opinion.

• To look at the respondents' reproductive health. • To analyze the reproductive health and hygiene behaviors of chosen groups in Anantapuramu Municipal Corporation slums. • To investigate the social condition of women in India's slums. • To investigate the psychological changes and cultural customs that women in slum regions go through throughout adolescence and menstruation.

Universe: The world of research is Anantapuramu City, Andhra Pradesh. Anantapuramu County is located in the shadow of the rain and is a perennially drought-prone backward region. For the purposes of this research, a detailed interview schedule is being managed separately for the slum residents and for pavement residents which includes socio-economic features, income sources, job position, skills level, level of urban poor ambitions, level of political socialisation and extent of health and education services provided. In the selected slum household survey, all households are census based. All households are classified into four groups according to their castes, namely Dispatches, Dispatches, Backward castes and other categories. The 'Others' category includes former Muslims, Hindus and Christians, In addition, slum profiles of the selected slums are provided which indicate the genesis, extension and installations of the slums. The Sample: For the purposes of the research it is tried, from a variety of sources such as caste associations/organizations officials, Revenue and Health Officers, to get information on women in the region of slums in Anantapuramu Municipal Corporation. In this research the random sampling

The sample framework for this research is a list of every home in the several slums in Anantapuramu. There are three categories of the distinct slums. In the first household of 400 to 300, in the second household category 300 to 200 and in the third household category 200 to 100. Selection of Respondents: Two slums from each group of respondents will be picked intentionally from the aforementioned categories. In the first instance, all the families in the chosen slum were divided into three groups. The households are listed afterwards in each chosen slum. The list of respondents numbered 240 is found in the household survey. A proportional stratified random sampling approach was used to choose each home. The sample size thus amounts to 240. The sample of 240 respondents thus reflects households of OC (59), BC's (104), SC's (47) and ST's (30). Tool: As a significant number of the respondents are Analphabets and unaware of the interview schedule, specific data on the conditions which lead to slums in women's health are created and administered for collection. A complete analysis of women's reproductive health will be conducted in addition. The timetable is improved before data collecting after a preliminary survey of samples. Data Collection: Both primary and secondary sources gather the data. For the main data, respondents are questioned with an organised, impartial timetable. In order to complement the main data and to lend legitimacy to analysis, secondary data were obtained from books, journals, reports, documents and newspapers. Data Analysis: Data and data collected in this way are verified and verified. Then the data are coded utilising SPSS software by use of computers for tabulation. The data evaluated are given as simple tables. The data analysis uses simple statistical methods such as percentages and averages. The statistics from the selected respondents are based on analysis and conclusions.

India has boldly tried to ensure its huge population is equitable for reproductive health, regardless of poverty and other socio-economic limitations. Following the adoption of the reproductive child health plan in 1997, it followed a development approach. On the basis of the analysis and results of the research, a number of general conclusions are drawn on the subjects discussed. Our first conclusion is that, irrespective of social and cultural restrictions such as poverty, the RCH Strategy and the idea of reproductive health are enabling greater for achieving reproductive health equality. health experts and health facilities, younger women in particular (15-25 years of age) and other people (25>). The research of forerunners, backward castes, planned castes and planned tribes encourages social participation and equal provision for reproductive health. In spite of the efforts and achievements made in reproductive health equity, we conclude that practises in areas such as immunisation, reduced anaemia, prenatal checking services, identifying risk factors especially during the third trimester of the pregnancy, complicating pregnancies, and the knowledge and awareness of reproductive pathology infections are much more important. In recent years, a number of institutions have highlighted the reproductive health challenges of women in slums and stressed diverse issues.

1. Emily M. Godfrey, Nancy P. Chin, Stephen L. Fielding, Kevin Fiscella and Ann Dozier (2011). Contraceptive method s and use by women aged 35 and over A qualitative study of perspective. BMC Women s health, pp. 5 2. Green ME & Merrick T (2005). ‗Poverty reduction: Does reproductive health matter?‘, HNP discussion paper, World Bank, Washington DC 3. Hariharsahoo (2007) Determinants of contraceptive use in Orissa. An Analysis from National family health survey iii, Health and population perspective and issues 30 (3); pp. 208-221. 4. Jagdish Prasad and Nand Kishore Rawat (2007). Trends and Forecasting the Estimation of Different Contraceptive Needs in the Districts of Rajasthan Health and population perspective and Issues 30(2): pp.107-123 5. Matthews Z, Ramakrishna J, Mahendra S, Kilaru A, Ganapathy S,( 2005.) ‗Birth rights and rituals in rural south India: care seeking in the intrapartum period‘, Journal of Biosocial Science, 37(4), pp. 385-411. 6. Narahari, S., M. Narasinga Rao, S. Bhaskara Babu and A. Aparna(2009).The poorja: A study on pediatric practices, Anthropologist, 11(2): pp. 147-149 7. Olanrewaju, Fola, A Akintunde, Bibrahim (2007). HIV voluntary Counseling and Testing of pregnant Women in primary Health Care Centres in Ilesa, Nigeria, he interment Journal of Third World Volume 6, Number 1. 8. Raneri, L.G., & Wiemann, C.M. (2007).Social ecological predictors of repeat adolescent pregnancy. Perspectives on sexual & Reproductive Health, 39(1), pp. 39-47. 9. Saseendram Pallikadavath (2005). Women‘s Reproductive Health, Sociocultural Context and AIDS Knowledge in Northern India, Journal of Health Management, 7: pp. 109-128. 10. Zaman, A. (2008). An appraisal to the marriage system of the karbis of Assam. Studies of Tribes and Tribals, 6(2), pp. 93-97.

Research Scholars, Department of Sociology, Sai Meer Degree College, Uttar Pradesh