Status of Women in Haryana: An Evaluation of Sex Ratio and Literacy Rate

About read the historical background of Indian society, it reveals that in Vedic times a woman was given a high status. It is an old saying, “Where women are honoured, gods reside there.” However, at present, women lost their honoured place due to social, economic and political factors. They were capture evil customs such as sati, Purdah, child marriage, enforced widowhood, dowry system, crept in the society and this led to decline in women‟s status inside and outside the home. Actually, Indian societies have unsafe for little girls to women. Last few years, women‟s sexual harassment has faced at work place, institution, even their own house. Majority of women live a life of dependency that does not possess any self-identity. They were Struggle for equality, justice and parity between women and men continues with more and more literature appearing on the subject on empowerment of women. But on the other hand, during the last few years‟s women‟s participation enhanced in socio-econ factors. Economic development depends on several factors and human factor is the essential factor. It is effectively influences the development of a country. So it is an improvement in quality of the “human factor” is most important then as essential as investment in physical capital. An advance in knowledge and the diffusion of new ideas and objectives are necessary to remove economic backwardness and instill the human abilities and motivations that are more favorable to economic achievement (Meenu, and Deepak2014) Literacy is one of the main components of socio-economic development of an area or country. It is also one of the main components of Human Development Index (HDI) with life expectancy and per capita income. There is a strong empirical correlation between literacy and life expectancy (Khan, 2004). In international usage, literacy is defined as the ability to read and write at least a simple message in any language (Hassan, 2005). The present study studies the inter-district disparities in literacy rate in the state of Haryana and sex ratio of Haryana.

● To find out Literacy rate of Haryana District wise ● To find out sex Ratio and child sex Ratio of Haryana

The present study is based on secondary data. The present study utilizes Literacy rate and sex Ratio of Haryana. The present paper studies the inter-district disparities in literacy rate in the state of Haryana. An attempt has been made to study the demographic

● This study is based on secondary data which has their own limitations. ● This study includes only Literacy rate and sex Ratio of Haryana. The table reveals that total population and sex ration of Haryana. According to census 2001, total population was 2.11 crore person, out of which 1.13 crore were male and 0.97 crore were females. The sex ratio of the Haryana was recorded as 861 according to census 2001. In Haryana state highest population was recorded for the district of Fridabad (1990719) and lowest population was showed by the district of Panchkula (468411). The number of males and females found to be highest in the district of Faridabad. Similarly the lowest number of males and females found to be in the district of Panchkula. As per census 2001, highest sex ratio was recorded for the district of Mahendragarh (918) and lowest sex ratio was recorded for the district of Panchkula (823). As per the census 2001, out of 21 districts 13 districts have sex ratio which was more than 850. As per 2011 census, total population of Haryana in- creased to 2.53 crore and the number of males and females also increased to 1.35 crore and 1.18 crore respectively.

Out of 21 districts of Haryana highest population, number of males and females were recorded for the (906) and lowest sex ratio was recorded for the district Sonipat (853). As per census 2011, all 21 districts recorded sex ratio higher than 850. By comparison, it was found that the difference of highest and lowest sex ratio declined to 53 (as per census 2011) from 95 (as per census 2001). The highest sex ratio shifted from the district of Mahendragarh (as per census 2001) to the district of Mewat (as per census 2011). Here, it is important to mention here that highest sex ratio declined to 906 (as per census 2011) from 918 (as per census 2001).

The table shows that the sex ratio and child sex ratio of Haryana. It declined from 15.8 per cent in 2001 to 13.8 per cent in 2011. According to census 2001 and 2011, sex ratio has 861/000 and 877/000 respectively. Haryana‟s Child sex ration has 819/000 and 830/000 according to cense 2001 and 2011 respectively. Among the 21 district of Haryana, the highest child sex ratio was recorded for Mewat (903/000 in census of 2011) and lowest child sex ratio was recorded for Jhajjar (774/000 in census of 2011). Jhajjar district‟s child sex ratio was declined from 801/000 in 2001 to 774/000 in 2011. But Mewat District‟s sex ratio was increased from 893/000 in 2001 to 903/000 in 2011.

The table 1.3 reveals that literacy rate of Haryana according to census of 2001 and 2011. Haryana‟s literacy rate enhanced from 55.77 in census 2001 to 66.77 in census 2011 it was 11.04 per cent changed in term percentage. Among the 21 district of Haryana, the highest literacy rates of male was recorded for Rewari 92.92 (in census of 2011) and lowest literacy rates recorded for Mewat district i.e. 72.98 . And highest literacy rates of female was recorded for Gurgaon and lowest as recorded Mewat district 77.64 and 37.58 respectively. Highest percentage change in female literates rate was seen in Palwal and lowest was seen Kurukshetra district 15.64 and 8.57 respectively.

This study compares the sex ratio in the year 2001 & 2011 at state level. As per the result Mahendergarh, Mewat & Sirsa showing significant performance in the Sex ratio i.e. 91%, 89%, 88% respectively in 2001 while at the same year the state Punchkula & Panipat does not showing significant performance in sex ratio i.e. 82%, 82%. With the comparison from the year 2011 Fatehbad, Mewat shows the highest sex ratio with 90% and lowest was found of Sonipat & Gurgaon with 85%. Total population of Haryana was 21144564 with male 11363953 & Female 9780611 in 2001 while that of year 2011 is 25353081 with Male 13505130 & Female 11847951. So overall sex ratio of the year 2001 was 86% & in 2011 is 87%. In Haryana child sex ratio have decreased from census 2011 because of increasing preference to son, low literacy rate in rural area, social insecurity, eco & socio culture, age, education, caste, marital status, health, female foticide, poverty, illiteracy, ignorance make people discriminate against girl whose birth is considered to be a stigma or burden. All these indicators showing lowest sex ratio in districts Gurgoan, Sonipat, Panipat, Rohtak, Jhajjar. Meenu, and Deepak, T. (2014 ) An Analysis Of Literacy Rate In Haryana , Journal of Business Management & Social Sciences Research, 3,(7), pp. 37-41. Lazarus, et al (2012) Girl Child Challenges and Academic Achievement in Mixed Secondary Schools Journal of Education and Human Development 3(2) 471-479. Mukesh, Kand. Vinay, K. (2011) Spatial Pattern And Differential In Literacy: A District Level Analysis Of Haryana, International Journal of Advanced Research in Management and Social Sciences, 1,(6), pp. 137-145. Census of India (2001) Provisional Population To- tals, Series 1), India, Paper 1, 2001. Web edition, New Delhi. Census of India (2001), Report and Tables on Age, Series 1(1), New Delhi.

Economic Survey of Haryana, Govt of India, 2013- 2014.

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MA Geography, Panjab University, Chandigarh ajayjaat.dahiya@gmail.com