Pattern of Sex Ratio in Jharkhand, 2011

Sex ratio is the ratio of males to females in a population. It is measured by a number of females per thousand males in India. We generally divided sex ratio into four subdivisions as a) Primary sex ratio-ratio at fertilization, b) Secondary sex ratio- ratio at birth, c) Tertiary sex ratio- ratio in sexually mature organism sometimes called as adult sex ratio, and d) Quaternary sex ratio- ratio in the post-reproductive organism. This research is based on tertiary sex ratio. In Russia, the sex ratio is measured as a number of males per thousand females. Sex ratio is an important social indicator to measure the extent of prevailing equity between males and females in a society at a given point of time (Mazumdar, 2013). ―It has much to do with the interplay of sex differential in mortality, sex-selective migration, the sex ratio at birth and at the time the sex differential in abortion and in population enumeration‖ (Mazumdar, 2013). It is also influenced marital status, manpower, the gross national product, planning regarding educational and medical services; housing, etc. as well as socio-cultural factors together influence the overall demographic composition of the population.

Jharkhand is located in Eastern India and covers an area of 79,714 km2. It was carved out of Southern Bihar in 2000 to form a separate state. Jharkhand has 24 administrative districts. Ranchi is the state capital and an industrial city. Jamshedpur, Dhanbad, Bokaro, Deoghar, and Hazaribagh are some of the other major cities and industrial areas in the state. Forests and woodlands occupy more than 29 per cent of the state, making it one among the states with greater forest cover. Jharkhand has around 40 per cent of the country‘s mineral resources such as coal, iron ore, copper, uranium, mica, bauxite, granite, limestone, silver, graphite, magnetite, and dolomite. Commonly spoken languages of the state are Hindi and Santhali. Urdu and Bengali are also prevalent. English is the primary medium of education.

• To study the pattern of Sex ratio in Jharkhand at districts level. • To analyze the change of sex ratio in Jharkhand at districts level.

To achieve the objectives data regarding sex ratio of Jharkhand is obtained from the census of India, and the statistical abstract of Jharkhand for 2001 and 2011. The collected data are tabulated and calculated to establish the relationship in the spatial pattern of sex ratio in Jharkhand at districts level. Arc GIS 10.2 software has been used as a cartographic tool for preparing the thematic map to show the spatial pattern of sex ratio in Jharkhand. Jenks method has been used to categories the districts of Jharkhand into five categories as very high, high, moderate, low, very low. The state average value and standard deviation have been also calculated to see the variation in data.

The population figure of the Jharkhand State in 2011 census is 3 29, 88,134. This is comprised of 16,930,315 males and 16,057,519 females and sex ratio is 949 females per thousand males as compared to 2001 sex ratio, an increase of 8 points. The sex ratio of the Jharkhand State in 2011 census is presented in fig. 1.2. The sex ratio of the Jharkhand in 1901 was 1032 which is declined to 1021 in 1911, 1002 in 1921, 989 in 1931, 961 in 1951, 922 in 1991, 941 in 2001, and 949 in 2011. The sex ratio of Jharkhand State is continuously declined during these decades. It is again 19 points increased in 2001. Then, the sex ratio is started increasing from 941 in 2001 to 949 in 2011.

(table 1.1), the researcher found that two districts have reported sex ratio more than 1000 in 2011. The five number of districts decreased to 5 points in 2011 and declined up to 57 points in 2011. Kodarma district has the largest declined 57 points in 2011 followed by Hazaribagh 40 points in Sex ratio and Giridih 39 points in 2011. The pattern is continued in 2011 when the number of districts with more 1000 sex ratio further decreased to 57 points. District-wise analysis of data shows that sex ratio is the highest in Paschim Singhbhum (1004) followed by Simdega (1000), Khunti (994), and Gumla (993). As against this pattern the districts which recorded low sex ratio are Dhanbad (908), Bokaro (916), Ramgarh (921), Deoghar (921), and Palamu (929). Out of 24 districts nine districts have below Jharkhand average sex ratio as they are, Dhanbad (908), Bokaro (916), Ramgarh (921), Deoghar (921), Palamu (929) Godda, Garwah, Giridih, and Hazaribagh (946). 21 districts of Jharkhand have noticed increased in sex ratio from 1 in Palamu to 34 in Dhanbad. Dhanbad has recorded the highest growth in sex ratio in the last decade instead of that it has the lowest number of sex ratio in Jharkhand. Source: Jharkhand Statistical Abstract, 2011

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Research Scholar, Department of Geography, M. D. University, Rohtak sonugeoinformatics@gmail.com