A Study on Evaluation of Coronary Artery Disease and its Risk Factors
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29070/e9rczp16Keywords:
Coronary artery disease, risk factors, dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking, obesity, inflammation, prevention, precision medicineAbstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) remains a leading global health burden, driven by a combination of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. This study evaluates key risk factors, including dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, and emerging contributors such as chronic inflammation and elevated lipoprotein(a). Non-modifiable factors like age, gender, and genetic predisposition are also discussed. Preventive strategies involving lifestyle changes, pharmacological interventions, and advancements in precision medicine are highlighted. Effective CAD prevention and treatment requires a multi-pronged strategy that targets these risk factors; doing so has the ability to lower death and morbidity rates.
References
Ambrose, J. A., & Barua, R. S. (2004). The pathophysiology of cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disease: An update. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 43(10), 1731-1737.
Arnett, D. K., Blumenthal, R. S., Albert, M. A., et al. (2019). 2019 ACC/AHA guideline on the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation, 140(11), e596-e646.
Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration. (2010). Diabetes mellitus, fasting glucose, and risk of cause-specific death. New England Journal of Medicine, 363(9), 829-841.
Ettehad, D., Emdin, C. A., Kiran, A., et al. (2016). Blood pressure lowering for prevention of cardiovascular disease and death: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet, 387(10022), 957-967.
Go, A. S., Mozaffarian, D., Roger, V. L., et al. (2014). Heart disease and stroke statistics—2014 update: A report from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 129(3), e28-e292.
Kullo, I. J., & Cooper, L. T. (2005). Early identification of cardiovascular risk using genomics and proteomics. Nature Reviews Cardiology, 2(10), 581-590.
Lavie, C. J., Milani, R. V., & Ventura, H. O. (2014). Obesity and cardiovascular disease: Risk factor, paradox, and impact of weight loss. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 53(21), 1925-1932.
Libby, P., Ridker, P. M., & Hansson, G. K. (2019). Inflammation in atherosclerosis: From pathophysiology to practice. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 54(23), 2129-2138.
Mehta, L. S., Beckie, T. M., DeVon, H. A., et al. (2016). Acute myocardial infarction in women: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 133(9), 916-947.
Ridker, P. M., Rifai, N., Rose, L., et al. (2002). Comparison of C-reactive protein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the prediction of first cardiovascular events. New England Journal of Medicine, 347(20), 1557-1565.
Rigotti, N. A. (2013). Smoking cessation and cardiovascular disease: Insights from recent studies. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, 55(5), 544-552.
Rosengren, A., Hawken, S., Öunpuu, S., et al. (2004). Association of psychosocial risk factors with risk of acute myocardial infarction in 11,119 cases and 13,648 controls from 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): Case-control study. The Lancet, 364(9438), 953-962.
Steinberg, D. (2009). The LDL modification hypothesis of atherogenesis: An update. Journal of Lipid Research, 50(Suppl), S376-S381.
Tsimikas, S. (2017). A test in context: Lipoprotein(a): Diagnosis, prognosis, controversies, and emerging therapies. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 69(6), 692-711.
Williams, B., Mancia, G., Spiering, W., et al. (2018). 2018 ESC/ESH guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. European Heart Journal, 39(33), 3021-3104.
This work is licensed under a 