Utilization of Distillery Effluent in Decomposition of Green Manure and Its Effect on Growth, Physiology and Yield of Oryza Satival

INTRODUCTION

The chemical Intensive agriculture could not pass test of the good and safe agriculture as it affected almost everything around it. The most serious threat was to the health of soil, environment human health and the earth. The natural resources like soil, water and atmosphere are stabilized in the process of organic farming and there is regular improvement as appropriate crop rotation and green manuring are maintained. Paddy makes good response immediately after green manuring insitu practice, sesbania aculeata and Sunnhemp are best suited crops for green manure in kharif season. Green manuring indirectly increases the phosphorus availability to the succeeding crop. They convert phosphorus applied in leguminous green manuring crop into organic form and phosphorus in organic form becomes more easily available after decomposition in soil.[1] In recent years use of distillery effluent for ferti-irrigation in agriculture after treatment is favourable approach because effluent contains macro and micro nutrients which are useful for the growth of crops.[2] Application of spent wash not only adds mineral N(NH4 N and NO3 N) to soil, but also promotes the[3] mineralization of soil organic N, thus resulting in large amounts of NH4 N and NO3 N in soil .In general among the plant nutrients, K was in larger amounts compared to N and P. Distillery spent wash contained large amount of K and SO4,followed by N and P.[4] However Ca, Mg and Cl are also present in appreciable amounts.[5] Thus it can be effectively used as source of plant nutrients and as soil amended agent.[6] Main objective of the present investigation is to determine the role of distillery effluent to decompose thegreen manure as soil renovator for the sake of environment management.

EXPERIMENTAL

Materials and Methods Distillery effluent was collected from distillery division of Simbhaoli Sugar Mills, Simbhaoli (Hapur) U.P. Partially treated effluent was used to decompose the green manure ( Sesbania aculeata pers. Syn) for 45 days and then crop ( Oryza sativa L.) was grown to observe its effect on germination, growth and yield in pot culture at Agriculture Research Farm of Kisan ( P.G ) college, Simbhaoli. One month old plantlets of Oryza sativa L. (cv. Saka 4) were planted in pots with a diameter of 30 cm. Each pot contained 7 kg of soil which was green manured. Ten plantlets were planted in each pot but thinning was done & only three plants were left per pot. Data on yield parameters were recorded. Pot experiment was carried out in 4 treatments in three replications as under. T1 = GLM ( Sesbania aculeata ) + 100 % D.E T2 = GLM ( Sesbania aculeata ) + 50% D.E T3 = GLM ( Sesbania aculeata ) + Water Control Shoot - Root Ratio was analysed by the following formula:- Net Primary Productivity was calculated by dividing dry wt. of whole plant by plant age. Chlorophyll was estimated as per method given by Smith and Benitez.[7] Data were computed and statically scrutinized for C.D at 5% level. Spike density was determined as follows-

Physico -chemical and biological characteristics of treated distillery effluent from distillery were analysed (Table 1)

The results of treated distillery effluent and green leaf manure on root and shoot length were observed on Oryza sativa L. The root & shoot length is higher in T1 in Oryza sativa L. 90 DAS. It is affected by phosphorus directly or in-directly. The fresh wt. and dry wt. of Oryza sativa L .cv. Saka-4 increase in T1in comparison to T2 and T3 over Control (Table-II) The difference in total biomass per plant may be due to the effect of high salt conc. in soil vis-a-vis high osmotic pressure of the soil solution, less water and mineral absorption and reduced aeration of roots which affects various metabolic pathway of plant leading to dry matter production and this may be attributed to change in source and sink relationship. Fig. 1: Effect of GLM with Distillery Effluent on Chlorophyll Content of Oryza sativa L. Number of tillers is very important in Oryza sativaL.cv.Saka -4. The highest number of tillers was observed in T1 in comparison to T2 and T3 over control. Growth index and shoot-root ratio also followed the same trend. (Table III) The Net Primary Productivity and spike density was recorded highest in T1 in Oryza sativa L. cv.Saka-4 (Table III). It is observed that increase in weight of seeds at T1 has been correlated in yield resembles to the increase in phytomass in root and shoot. Evans & Lewin[8] attributed this reduction leading to the no. of length of panicles .The highest harvest index was recorded in T1 (Table III). The nutrients contributed through green manuring and nitrogen addition might be the reason for the increase in grain yield. These results are in agreement with the findings of Saha et. al.[9] and Islam et. al.[10] Several researchers have also reported the beneficial effects of distillery effluent in soil on the yield of wheat, rice, maize (Joshi et. al.)[11] Sorghum (Zalawadia and Raman)[12] and Onion ( Zalawadia et. al.)[13] In present investigation data on the maximum content revealed that T1 treatment in Oryza sativa L. Proto chl., chl.‘a’ , chl. ‘b’ and minimum content of chlorophylloccurred in green leaf manure and distillery effluent at 90 DAS. (Fig 1) The Chl. ‘a ’, Chl. ‘b’ and Total chl. on 90 DAS were influenced significantly by treatments and nutrients status. Similar findings were recorded by Sinha and Sakal.[14] The increase in chlorophyll content was probably due to the favourable effect of T1 in Oryza sativa L. our findings to be supported by Wankhede et. al.[15] The chl. ‘a ’, Chl. ‘b’ and Total chl. (a+b) increased with increasing content of nutrients recorded in T1 and T2 treatment. (Sharma & Bhandari)[16]

Thus, it is concluded that physiological effect of distillery effluent on decomposition of green manure (Sesbania aculeata) in GLM +100 % D.E and GLM +50 % DE on Oryza sativa revealed that GLM +100% DE enhanced growth and yield significantly due to available nutrients in soil and nutrient dynamics in residual soil helped in sustainable agriculture. The beneficial effect of distillery effluent on crop production was exerted with green manure application. After treatment of distillery effluent with proper dilution and systematic application it would not cause any harm to soil and in some cases, the nutrients which are exhausted by the crop would be brought back to soil.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are grateful to Mr. I.S Bhatia G.M of S.S Mills, Simbhaoli( Hapur) and members of Environmental Science Laboratory Department of Botany, Kisan ( P. G ) college,Simbhaoli and research scholars, who helped us in present investigation , without which it was not possible to gratinate it.

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Research Scholar PhD, Environmental Science Lab. Department of Botany, Kisan P.G. College, Simbhaoli – 245207, Hapur (U.P.) India