Trends and Patterns of Urbanization in Haryana, 2011

The 20th century witnessed a rapid migration of population from rural to urban areas in most of the countries of the world. A merely 13 per cent of the global population lived in urban areas in 1900, which increased to 29 per cent in 1950 and to about 50 per cent by the close of 20th century (United Nation, 2005). However, the pattern of urbanization is to be seen very unequal between the developed and developing countries. Majority of the population of developed countries lives in urban areas compared to the majority living in rural areas in the developing countries. On the other hand, most of the urban population of developing countries is concentrated in Asian and African countries. The process of urbanisation speeded up in the wake of industrial revolution in the western world leading to the expansion of infrastructure such as transport and communication, which propelled increased rural to urban migration. Increasing Urbanisation and urban agglomeration is the biggest challenge of the present century because rapid urbanization results the haphazard and unplanned growth of cities (Mundhe and Jaybhaye, 2015).

From a demographic point of view, the level of urbanization is measured by the percentage of the population living in urban areas (Davis 1962). An area is classified as rural or urban depending upon various criteria such as population size, density, occupational composition and civic status. During British rule in India, every municipality regardless of size, every cantonment, all civil lines not included in municipal limits, and every other collection of houses permanently inhabited by not less than 5000 persons could be considered urban as long as it exhibited an urban character even when such an area was not under municipal government. This definition was carried through the 1961 Census. Since the 1961 Census, an urban area was determined based on two important criteria, namely: (i) statutory administration; (ii) certain economic and demographic indicators. The first criterion includes civic status of towns, and the second entails characteristics like population size, density of population, and percentage of the workforce in the non-agricultural sector. The towns identified on the basis of the first criterion are known as statutory or municipal towns, and those defined on the basis of the second criterion are termed census or non-municipal towns. The non-municipal towns constitute nearly 27 per cent of all towns as per the 2001 Census (Bhagat 2005). Specifically, the criteria that define a place as urban, as mentioned in the recent census reports, are as follows: (i) All places with a municipality, corporation, cantonment board or notified town area committee. (ii) All other places which satisfy the following criteria: (a) Minimum population of 5000; (c) A population density of at least 400 persons per square kilometre. the census commissioner of India, were allowed to include some places having distinct urban characteristics within the urban category even if such places did not strictly satisfy all the criteria mentioned earlier. While the Census of India applies the demographic and economic criteria in identifying towns at every census, it is the state governments that decide on the civic status of a settlement. The settlements which are granted urban civic status qualify as towns in the census as per the first criteria. In every census, several new towns are added to or removed from the roster of towns if they do not satisfy the earlier-mentioned criteria. As many urban residents also live outside the municipal boundary, the Indian Census uses the concept of an „urban agglomeration‟ (UA) to measure urban population at the town and city level. A UA consists of the population of a core urban centre living within its municipal boundary, as well as the population of contiguous towns and adjoining urban outgrowths (OGs). OGs are areas around a core city or a statutory town that are fairly large and already urbanized such as a railway colony, university campus, port area, military camp, among other examples, but are not included within the municipal boundary of the core city or town. The municipal boundaries are also changed from time to time as decided by the state government, but it is a time-consuming process as notification has to go through the offices of Deputy Commissioners and District Magistrates for due processing. However, in the absence of changes in the municipal boundaries, the application of the concepts of UA and OG by the Census takes into account any spillover of urban population outside the municipal boundary (Census of India).

(1) To analyze trends of urbanization in Haryana (2) To analyze patterns of urbanization in Haryana.

The present study is entirely based on secondary data. For the study, the required data has been taken from Primary Census Abstracts of Haryana State, various census publications of India. Data from 1971-2011 has been used. For representation of data, tables and maps are used. Arc GIS software has been used to prepare maps.

Haryana is a state in northwest India surrounded by Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi and Rajasthan lies between 27o 37' to 30o35' latitudes and between 74o 28' to 77o 36' longitudesl. It was carved out off the Indian state of Punjab on 1st Nov.1966. River Yamuna acts as the eastern division for administrative purpose. Haryana state covers about 44212 squ. Kms. Literacy rate of Haryana is 75.55 percent and sex ratio is 940. In Haryana, there are 21 districts in 2011 as against 11 in 1975-76. Haryana is primarily an alluvial plain and its soils constitute its major natural resource and agriculture is its main-stay. Besides, it shares the Shivalik foothills in the north and Aravalli hills in the south. Haryana surrounds Delhi in the northern, western and southern sides, a large area of state is included in National Capital Region (N.C.R.). Chandigarh is a union territory as well as, is the capital of Haryana. There are 21 districts, 74 sub districts, 80 statutory towns, 74 census towns and 6841 villages..

Haryana has been rural state whose most population is engaged in agricultural activities. So, before the independent, the level of urbanization has been very low i.e. less than 15 percent upto 1941. The main reasons were less development of economy, less industries and service sectors and mainly agrarian economy because most of population was engaged in agriculture. After independence, the process of

census, urban population reached to 21.88 percent and 24.63 percent in 1991 census due to many region. The establishment of Haryana Urban Development Authority (HUDA) also promoted process of urbanization and industrial sectors were developed in some districts including Ambala, Panchkula, Kurukshetra, Murthal, Manesar, and Sonepat. Green revolutions also play a very important role in urbanization process. Due to green revolution, this high urban growth rate has been result of development of agriculture and starting of mandi towns due to agricultural surplus. As the table.1 shows, In 2001, about 28.92percent population lived in urban areas and in 2011, it has reached to 34.79 million consisting of 34.79 percent of Haryana's total population living in urban areas (Table 1).

1901 4623064 --- --- 1911 4174677 -448387 -9.70 1921 4255892 81215 1.95 1931 4559917 304025 7.14 1941 5272829 712912 15.63 1951 567379 400768 7.60 1961 7590524 1916927 33.22 1971 10036431 2445907 32.79 1981 12922119 2885688 28.75 1991 16463648 3541529 27.41 2001 21144564 4680916 28.43 2011 25351462 4206898 19.90

Source : Census of India, 2011

We can divide all districts into three categories on basis of urbanization : (1) Highly urbanized districts (above 35 percent) (2) Moderate urbanized districts (between25 to 35 percent)

Categories No. of Districts Name of Districts Highly Urbanized Above 35 7 Panchkula, Ambala, Panipat, Faridabad, Rohtak, Gurgaon, Yamunanagar Medium Urbanised 25-35 6 Kurukshetra, Karnal, Sonepat, Rewari, Jhajjar Hisar Low Urbanised Below 25 8 Fatehabad, Sirsa, Kaithal, Jind, Bhiwani, Mahendergarh , Palwal and Mewat

Faridabad 79.44 Gurgaon 68.82 Punchkula 54.87 Panipat 45.97 Ambala 44.38 Rohtak 42.02 Yamunanagar 38.94 Hisar 31.73 Sonipat 30.52 Karnal 30.27 Kurukshetra 28.93 Sirsa 24.75

Jind 22.82 Palwal 22.65 Kaithal 21.97 Bhiwani 19.80 Fatehabad 19.5 Mahendergarh 14.43 Mewat 11.38 Haryana 34.79 Source: Census of India, 2011

As the above table reveals that districts having urbanization level between 25 and 35 percent are included in this category. These are six districts namely Kurukshetra, Karnal, Sonepat, Rewari, Jhajjar and Hisar. All these districts are the centre of educational institutes which have helped in spread of urbanization. Besides these, establishment of small and medium scale industries and agro based processing units in these areas also corporate in urbanization.

As the table shows, total number of eight districts comes in low urbanization category with urbanization level below 25 percent. These are Fatehabad, Sirsa, Kaithal, Jind, Bhiwani, Mahendergarh, Palwal and Mewat. Most of districts lies in western and southern Haryana. Among these, Mahendergarh and Mewat have very low level of urbanization (below 15 percent). Mewat is very backward district with lowest literacy in Haryana. In these areas, low urbanization is related to very poor poor infrastructural facilities, agricultural, industrial development, socio- cultural backwardness, peripheral location, and having low male and female literacy. Apart from these, most of population engaged in agricultural and allied activities. On other hand, high proportion of Muslim population has been responsible for low level of urbanization. The study reveals that the shift of people from rural areas to urban areas mainly reflects the process of Industrialization change and. Rural urban migration is a major factor of urbanization process. Rural urban migration is the predominant factor of urbanization. In 1941, the pace of urbanization was slow in Haryana but after formation of independent state in 1966, the urbanization shows an increasing trend. In 2011, it has reached to 34.79 percent of Haryana's total population living in urban areas. The establishment of HUDA and development of agriculture, green revolution and starting of mandi towns also helped in process of urbanization in Haryana. The study reveals that Eastern parts of Haryana including Panchkula, Ambala, Yamunanagar, Karnal, Panipat are more urbanized due to agricultural development, good transport connectivity, industrial development, higher level of literacy and higher standard of living. On the other hand, southern western part including Mewat, Mahendergarh, Palwal display lower level of urbanization due to high proportion of muslim population, social and economic backwardness, low level of literacy and poor transport facilities etc.

Bhagat, R. B. (2011). “Emerging Pattern of Urbanization in India”, Economic & political weekly, Vol. XLVI, No.34, pp. 10-12.

Bhagat, R. B. and Mohanty, S. (2009). “Emerging Pattern of Urbanization and the Contribution of Migration in Urban Growth in India”, Asian Population Studies, Vol.5, No.1, pp.5-19. Bhattacharjee, S. (2016). “Patterns and Trends of Urban Growth in India”, Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, Vol. 4, Issue5, pp. 155-163.