Development of Biomass Briquetting Technology for Northern Regions of Karnataka Using Tamarind Seed Powder as Binder
Exploring the Potential of Biomass Briquetting Technology in Northern Regions of Karnataka
by Pavan Kumar Reddy*, Dr. M. S. Bhagyashekhar,
- Published in Journal of Advances in Science and Technology, E-ISSN: 2230-9659
Volume 12, Issue No. 25, Dec 2016, Pages 353 - 356 (4)
Published by: Ignited Minds Journals
ABSTRACT
It is generally acknowledged that burning fossil fuels and deforestation are major contributors to anthropogenic climate change. Biomass from plants can serve as an alternative renewable and carbon-neutral raw material for the production of energy. Low densities of 80–150 kg/m3 for herbaceous and 150–200 kg/m3 for woody biomass limit their application in energy production. Prior to cost-effective use in energy applications, these materials need to be densified to increase their bulk densities to help reduce technical limitations associated with storage, loading, and transportation. Pelleting, briquetting, or extrusion processing are methods commonly used to achieve densification. The aim of the present report is to apprise the possibility of subjecting agro-residues to briquetting technology for the region of study i.e. Northern Regions of Karnataka by making different combinations of biomass ( easily available in abundant quantity at cheaper rate that has relatively higher calorific value - coconut shells, groundnut shells and saw dust) in definite proportions and proposing the best combination after calculating CV, % of ash content and also calculating the density of all the combinations.
KEYWORD
biomass briquetting technology, Northern Regions of Karnataka, Tamarind Seed Powder, binder, renewable energy, carbon-neutral, densification, agro-residues, calorific value, ash content
I. INTRODUCTION
Biomass Briquettes are the compressed blocks of Agro & Forestry residues. The wastes may include rice husk, soya husk coffee husk, Coir Pitch, Jute Sticks, Sugarcane Bagasse, Groundnut Shell, Mustard Stalks, Cotton Stalks, Saw Dust, Castor seed Shells/Stalk, Wood Chips, Bamboo Dust, Tobacco Waste, Tea Waste, Paddy Straw, Wheat Straw, Sunflower Stalk, Palm Husk, Veneer Residues, Barks and Straw, Forestry Waste, seeds Cases, etc. According to T V Ramachandra et.al [1] there is huge availability of energy in biomass in Northern regions of Karnataka i.e., about 10,595,592.78 Mkcal. Although there are many techniques are available in conversion of biomass into useful energy, biomass briquetting is growing in a faster rate due to its feasibility and flexibility towards production [2]. Biomass briquettes can be produced using the automated briquetting machine which includes screw press technology and Piston press technology and the other type is manual type of press [3]. In all of the manual press technologies developed Peterson‘s press has got a significant usage all over the globe due to its simplicity [4]. Studies so far undertaken revealed that, only the biomass briquettes are studied using some of the parameters which include Moisture content, effect of density, grain size, effect of binder, combustion test etc., this warrants the investigation of biomass briquettes using the different combinations of biomass by mass from the available agro residues in the Northern regions of Karnataka.
II. METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS
A. Selection of the biomass
The biomass in the proposed region is collected on the basis of the Calorific value (CV) and the availability. This included Coconut Shell, Groundnut Shell and Saw dust. The CV of various biomass collected are given below in Table 1.
Table 1. Calorific Value of individual biomass collected
S.I. No. Biomass Calorific value Kcal/kg
1 Groundnut shell 4571.42
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3 Saw dust 4754.76
B. Selection of Binder
In Northern Dry Regions of Karnataka it is observed that the growth of tamarind trees is frequent and after the extraction of tamarind for usage the seeds were left unused which contains the protein content. So the tamarind seeds were collected and crushed to make the power of it. The powder was mixed with water and checked for the stickiness. The stickiness was found to be proper as per the requirement of the briquetting of biomass.
C. Drying and Making pellets of biomass
The collected biomass is dried under sun for 15 days and they were crushed for the grain size of -6 mm using a crusher. The crushed biomasses were then weighed and mixed in different proportions by percentage and made as pellets of weight of 0.5 grams using tamarind seed powder as binder. The proportions of various biomass mixed are given in Table 2.
Table 2. Combinations of biomass mixed in proportions in percentage basis
Biomass Combination Coconut shell in percent(%) Saw dust in percent(%) Groundnut shell in percent(%)
A 33.3 33.3 33.3 B 40 20 40 C 20 40 40 D 20 30 50 E 50 30 20 F 10 30 60 G 40 40 20 H 60 20 20 I 10 60 30 J 30 20 50
D. Testing of biomass combinations for CV and ash content
The pellets of biomass samples are then taken and tested for calorific value using an oxygen bomb calorimeter. Finally the percentage of ash is calculated ash and x= initial weight of fuel. The calculated CV and ash content are given in the Table 3.
Table 3. CV and Ash contents of various combinations
Biomass Combination % Ash content Calorific Value in Kcal/kg
A 8.3 4396.22 B 4.167 4528.12 C 6 4726.87 D 1.96 5047.99 E 1.96 5254.89 F 2.273 5323.48 G 4.167 5759.19 H 6.12 5770.86 I 6 6161.95 J 3.92 6622.45
Figure 1 Variation of Ash content with various combinations of biomass.
Figure 2 Variation of Calorific value with various combinations of biomass.
E. Manufacturing of Biomass Briquettes
Biomass Briquettes were made from the fabricated unit as shown in the figure 3, which is a type of
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briquettes produced were 30 mm in diameter and 75 mm in length. The briquettes were then tested for the density. The densities of each biomass briquette produced as shown in table 4.
Table 4. Densities of various biomass samples produced
Sample Weight(Kg) Density (Kg/m3)
A 0.06225 579.069 B 0.05839 543.066 C 0.05864 531.156 D 0.06862 674.148 E 0.05532 543.484 F 0.05438 579.713 G 0.05064 497.151 H 0.05655 587.768 I 0.05940 617.391 J 0.05298 550.727
Figure 3 Fabricated Briquetting unit
Figure 4 Briquettes produced
CONCLUSION
The results obtained from the study show that the combinations of various biomasses is strongly influencing the Calorific value and also the produced ash content. It is always suggested that the biomass briquette should have higher energy content and lower ash content. Based on the results it can be concluded that the sample J (Coconut shell 30%, saw dust 20%, groundnut shell 50%) has higher energy content of 6622.45 Kcal/kg and lower ash content of 3.92% with the density of 531.156 Kg/m3. So the combination J can be used for the preparation of the briquettes with Tamarind seed powder as binder.
REFERENCES
Biomass energy Centre, biomassenergycentre.org.uls.retrieved on 28-02-2012. ―Briquette‖American heritage dictionary of English language,5th ed. 2011.HoughtonMiffline Harcourt Publishing company 15 Mar. 2015 http://www.thefreedictionary.com/briquette. Samadhanassociates Pvt.Ltd,22,greenwood apartment,GokhleMargLucknow 226001. T.V. Ramachandra, G. Kamakshi, B.V. Shruthi,―Bioresource status in Karnataka‖, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India Received 3 September 2003; accepted 12 September 2003. T. V. Ramachandra Energy Research Group, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560 012, India Email: cestvr@ces.iisc.ernet.in (Received on 29 Jan 2007,revised on 28 Apr 2007).
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BIOMASS AND WASTE.
P.D. Grover & S.K. Mishra, BIOMASS BRIQUETTING, TECHNOLOGY AND PRACTICES, FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Bangkok, April 1996. Maninder1, Rupinderjit Singh Kathuria2, Sonia Grover3, Using Agricultural Residues as a Biomass Briquetting: An Alternative Source of Energy IOSR Journal of Electrical and ElectronicsEngineering (IOSRJEEE) ISSN: 2278-1676 Volume 1, Issue 5 (July-Aug. 2012), PP 11-15www.iosrjournals.org. H. Saptoadi, The Best Bio briquette Dimension and its Particle Size, Asian J. Energy Environ., Vol. 9, Issue 3 and 4, (2008), pp. 161. Petersonpress.org Ioannis Gravalos1, Panagiotis Xyradakis1, Dimitrios Kateris1, Theodoros Gialamas1, DimitriosBartzialis2, Kyriakos Giannoulis2 , An Experimental Determination of Gross Calorific Value of Different Agroforestry Species and Bio-Based Industry Residues, Received 13 November 2015; accepted 19 January 2016; published 22 January 2016.
Corresponding Author Pavan Kumar Reddy*
Department of Mechanical Engineering, R R Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, India
E-Mail – Pavanreddy678@gmail.com