Diesel engines are the most efficient prime movers, from the point of view of protecting global environment and concerns for long-term energy security it becomes necessary to develop alternative fuels with properties comparable to petroleum based fuels. Unlike rest of the world, India‘s demand for diesel fuels is roughly six times that of gasoline hence seeking alternative to mineral diesel is a natural choice. Alternative fuels should be easily available at low cost, be environment friendly and fulfill energy security needs without sacrificing engine‘s operational performance. Waste to energy is the recent trend in the selection of alternate fuels1. Fuels like alcohol, biodiesel, liquid fuel from plastics etc are some of the alternative fuels for the internal combustion engines. Utilization of biomass as alternative fuel for compression ignition engine has a great scope especially in developing and undeveloped countries. Biodiesel is an alternative fuel similar to conventional or fossil diesel. Biodiesel can be produced from straight vegetable oil, animal oil/fats, tallow and waste cooking oil. The process used to convert these oils to Biodiesel is called Transesterification. The largest possible source of suitable oil comes from oil crops such as rapeseed, palm or soybean. Biodiesel was prepared from Honge oil (Pongamia) and used as a fuel in C.I engine. Performance studies were conducted on a single cylinder four-stroke water-cooled compression ignition engine. Experiments were conducted for different percentage of blends of Honge oil with diesel at various compression ratios. [1]. Investigations were carried out for the performance and combustion characteristics of Pongamia methyl esters. The results were compared with diesel fuel. For this experiment, a single cylinder, four stroke, water cooled diesel engine at a rated speed of 1500 rpm was used. Tests were carried out over the entire range of engine operation at varying load of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.2 at rated speed of 1500rpm and results are compared with diesel. [2]. Investigated the potential use of Pongamia oil methyl ester as a substitute for diesel fuel in diesel engine. Various proportions of Pongamia and Diesel (B25, B50, B75, and B100) are prepared by transesterification process on volume basis and used as fuels in a four stroke single cylinder direct injection diesel engine to study the performance and emission characteristics of these fuels and compared with neat diesel fuel [3]. The experimental1results have2showed a stable performance3with brake thermal efficiency4similar to that5of diesel. Carbon dioxide1and unburned hydrocarbon2were marginally higher4than that of the5diesel operation. The toxic6gas carbon monoxide1emission of waste5plastic oil was

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have been2prepared for better3understanding of4operating conditions5and constrains for7waste plastic pyrolysis oil and8its blends3fuelled compression4ignition engine [5].

Pongamia pinnata (Honge) is one of the forest based tree borne non- edible oil with a production potential of 135,000 metric tons per year in India. It is capable of growing in all types of lands (sandy and Rocky). It grows even in salt water and can withstand extreme weather conditions with a temperature range of 0-50°C. and annual rainfall of 5-25 dm. The oil content is around 30-40%. It is a fast growing medium sized tree which grows to height of around 40ft. flowers are pink light purple, or white. Pods are elliptical, 3-6cm long and 2-3 cm wide thick walled and usually contains a single seed. Seeds are 10-15 mm long, oblong and light brown in color. A thick yellow-orange to brown non edible oil is extracted from the seeds.

process of using an alcohol (e.g. methanol, ethanol or butanol), in the presence of a catalyst, such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide, to break the molecule of the raw renewable oil chemically into methyl or ethyl esters of the renewable oil, with glycerol as a byproduct.

The plastics are synthetic organic materials1produced from polymerization and they are indeed of high molecular mass, and may be comprise of other substances to improve performance and reduce costs. These polymers can be extruded into desired shapes. Plastics are polymers of long chain hydrocarbons and they are derived from petro-chemical resources. So we can convert these plastic wastes to petroleum fuels and produced fuels are used as alternative fuel for IC engine. Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, but it can be transferred one form into other forms and these energy resources can be used in future. Plastics are derived from petro-chemical resources. Polymerization is the process in which individual elements of similar or different molecules combines together in single unit by the chemical reactions to form a large or macromolecules and in the form of long chain structures. But these generated molecules become totally different properties than the starting individual molecules. Polymers mostly depending upon their nature of structure and properties and they are classified as Plastics, Rubbers and Fibers. Recycling perspective of waste plastic are spending lot of resources and energy we can utilize that resources into useful product like fuel because now a day‘s we required alternative fuel for IC engine due rapid depleting petroleum fuel.

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into the WPPOil. Pyrolysis technology is thermal degradation process in the absence of oxygen. Plastic waste is treated in a cylindrical reactor at temperature of 300ºC – 350ºC. The plastic waste is gently cracked by adding catalyst and the gases are condensed in a series of condensers to give a low sulphur content distillate. All this happens continuously to convert the waste plastics into fuel that can be used for generators. The catalyst used in this system will prevent formation of all the dioxins and Furans (Benzene ring). All the gases from this process are treated scrubbers and water/ chemical treatment for neutralization. The non-condensable gas goes through water before it is used for350ºC and there is no oxygen in the processing reactor, most of diesel-generator set for generation of electricity.

Edible or Non Edible oil can be directly mixed with diesel fuel and may be used for running an engine. The blending of vegetable oil with diesel fuel in different proportion were experimented successfully by various researchers. Different proportions of blends are carried out like B5, B10, B15, B20 etc. Blend of 20% oil and 80% diesel have shown same results as diesel and also properties of the blend is almost close to diesel. Biodiesels are produced using edible and non edible oils using different processes like pyrolysis, transesterification etc. These fuels cannot be used directly in C.I Engines because of its high viscosity, high density, gels at cold temperature and low heating value so these fuels are blended with diesel to make it compatible to use in diesel engines. B20 contains 20% biodiesel and 80% diesel, B100 contains 100% biodiesel.B20 blend is more compatible with nearly all diesel equipments and it contains 1-2% less energy than diesel. B20 and lower level blends don‘t require equipment modifications.

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Mechanical efficiency is defined as the ratio of Brake power to Indicated power. The graph is plotted against Load v/s Mechanical Efficiency for compression ratio 18.It is observed that mechanical efficiency is increases for B10, B15 with increases in load in all operating conditions. Comparatively less than neat diesel efficiency.

Break thermal efficiency is defined as the ratio of energy in the break power, to the input fuel energy in appropriate units. The graph is plotted against Load than diesel.B20 blend has highest Brake Thermal Efficiency. This was due to reduction in heat loss and increase in power with increase present load. For B20 blend it is more. Slight variation of brake thermal efficiency with biodiesel blends may also attributed to spray characteristics higher viscosity, lower calorific values.

Specific fuel consumption is defined as the amount of fuel consumed for each unit of brake power developed per hour & a clear indication of the efficiency at which engine develops power from it. The graph is plotted against Load v/s Brake Specific Fuel Consumption for compression ratio 18. Brake Specific Fuel Consumptions descend from lower to higher load level. As load increases BSFC decreases for all fuel blends. At full load, all blends show the specific fuel consumption higher than the diesel.

The graph is plotted against CO% v/s Load for compression ratio 18. It shows that the carbon

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is due to the fact that CO is formed when there is not enough oxygen for all of the carbon content of fuel to convert to Carbon Dioxide. Emissions at part loads will be lower and it increases for full load. The emissions have decreased with increased amounts of biodiesel in the blend. The additional amount of oxygen in the biodiesel accounts for better combustion inside the cylinder and hence for reduced CO emissions.

The graph is plotted against CO2% v/s Load for compression ratio 18. It shows that the Carbon Dioxide emission for B20 blend is less than that of diesel. The graph shows that as load increases CO2 emission increases for all blends and diesel also but for B20 blend CO2 emission is less than diesel.

The graph is plotted against NOX v/s Load for compression ratio 18. From the graph it can be observed that NOx emission increases with the load. NOx emission for biodiesel blends is higher than the neat diesel for all compression ratios since they contain in built oxygen in their molecular structure. 1) The diesel engine performed satisfactorily on biodiesel fuel without any engine modification. 2) Brake thermal efficiencies of all blends are very close to diesel and 20% blend with diesel, B20 provided the maximum efficiency for biodiesel operation for all compression ratios. 3) As the load increases, BSFC decreases for all fuel blends. 4) Using a 20% blend we can reduce the emission of gases like Carbon monoxide, Carbon-dioxide, and Nitrogen oxide gases. 5) Based on the experimental investigation it can be concluded that Honge oil methyl ester and plastic pyrolysis biodiesel with neat diesel blends can be adopted as alternative fuel for existing diesel engines.

Shivakumar, and Pai, Srinivasa P and Rao, Sriniviasa B R and Samaga, B S (2010) Performance and Emission characteristics of a 4 stroke c.i. Engine operated on honge methyl ester using Artificial neural network. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 5 (6). pp. 83-94. ISSN 1819-6608 Dr. Mohammed Yunus, Dr. Mohammad S.Alsoufi, Iftekar Hussain H. Study and Analysis of Performance Characteristics of Biodiesel Formed by Different Blends of Honge and Mustard Oil using 4 Stroke C.I. Engine. International Journal of Emerging Research in Management &Technology ISSN: 2278-9359 (Volume-4, Issue-7) Ragavendra Prasad. S.K V Suresh Study of Pongamia Pinnata (karanja) Biodiesel as an Alternative fuel for Diesel Engine Advanced Engineering and Applied Sciences: An International Journal; ISSN 2320–3927. Jagadeesh Alku et al. ―Experimental investigation of performance and combustion characteristics of Pongamia biodiesel and its blends on diesel engine and LHR engine‖ IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308 S. Ghosh & D. Dutta ―Performance and Exhaust Emission Analysis of Direct Injection Diesel Engine Using Pongamia Oil‖ International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO

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Research Scholar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KLECET, Chikodi