The Feasibility of Change on Organization Structure of Infrastructure Project (A Review)

The systematic arrangement or division of work, activities or tasks between individuals and groups with the necessary allocation of duties and responsibilities among them to achieve common objectives called Managerial structure. organizations have specific objectives, a formal structure of authority with some persons in leadership roles and others in subordinate roles, having a set of formal procedures or system. The skill of bringing individuals together to work toward a shared aim of the company is known as organisational management. Planning and monitoring at work are key components of effective organisational management, which allows for the most efficient use of available resources. Employees are given a feeling of direction by management. The individuals are well aware of their roles and responsibilities and know what they are supposed to do in the organization

J.R. San Cristóbal, V. (2018), Area: Project Organization Functional -There is no need to negotiate and compete with other areas for resources. Team members are familiar with each other since they work in the same area. Program

Niyazuden Kamaruden,2018, Area: Service Operation of Metro: paper suggest that each project face number of challenges which need to address properly. Some of the challenges are listed below A large number of stakeholders are involved in the metro project which results difficulties in communication. Change in the plan and requirement which leads to delay. Delay in decision making Some of the clause of contract are impractical and ambiguous which results difficulty in administration Limited passage is available for construction due to heavy traffic and crowd. S. Rupa, M.S. Rani, 2017 Area: Questionnaire designing for survey. Questionnaire survey is the format 3) Questions layout 4) Pilot survey 5) Final questionnaire. Questionnaire can be open ended questionnaire in which respondent can answer by their own and in closed end questionnaire respondent needs to select the option already provided to him. Pilot test is conducted to test the effectiveness of the questionnaire. Pilot survey checks the validity, reliability and applicability. Face to face interview, telephonic interview, mail question and internet questions are the modes of reach target respondent to get responses.

Old management systems could not satisfy increased network-level operations‘ The old management mechanism has shown strain in addressing large-scale rail transit operations and management. The second factor is the ineffectiveness of precise job specialisation un large-scale activities that demand rapid reactions. In order to operate at the network level, it is necessary for different departments to work together more closely, for reaction times to be faster, and for the management area to be larger. Stephanie Grubenmann, 2016, Area : Matrix organization ,Matrix organisation is the best suited origination structure available, it is effective integration of the functional and managerial aspect. There are three types of the matrix structure, project matrix, functional matrix and balanced matrix. Functional matrix- function manager has more authority in this type while project manager has limited authority, employees remains under functional manager project matrix- Project manager has more authority in this type while functional manager has limited authority, employees remains under project manager. Functional manager offers technical expertise. Balanced matrix. - Project and functional manager both have equal authority and responsibility. Project manager oversee the project and functional manager provide technical expertise. Functional manager and project manager jointly takes the decision. Tae Kyun Kim 2015 Area: mathematical formulation ―T test as a parametric statistic‖ This paper gives mathematical formulation like standard deviation, or t. formulae are listed below t = (D - 0) /(𝜎 /√𝑛 ) where 𝜎 is the standard deviation 𝜎2=∑( 𝐷𝑖2 – (𝐷2) x n) / (n-1) Di= Difference in weighted average parameter of existing and

Before beginning any project, it is critical to pick the right sort of organisation. Organizational relations must be re-aligned throughout the building phase in order to ensure a seamless operation. The best is to choose the suitable planner, then the suitable manager, then the suitable organization type and lastly the project team. Steps of selection of organisation are Type, requirement of specialty - define structure - selection of assistance - assign objective - team formation – authority, role and responsivity distribution - improve structure.

Line and staff organization is the combination of the line structure and staff function. Advantage of line command is unity in the direction. Line organization is applicable for small organization. Line organization is evolved for the organization which is bigger and demands unity in direction. Function of the staff is to assist the higher authority. Generally, staff has no authority and is work as supportive function. Sometimes organization is divided into different functional department and staff is assigned to each department. Line and staff organization overcome some of limitations of the line organization. But still, it has some demerits which makes this ordination ineffective for large construction project like metro project. Niraj Sharma, 2013, Area: Critical Issues Related to Metro Project in India. Metro project is complex project which faces many critical issues. Many risks are associated with such project. This risk management is very important in metro projects. We can‘t avoid the risk but we can minimize the occurrence and effect of the risk. But still their many accidents are reported in Mumbai, Pune, Delhi. 109 construction workers have died in Delhi metro construction. That‘s why safety norms should be strictly follow on the site. Labor and employee also need to encourage for importance of their safety. Proper care should be taken by oneself of other coworker will reduce the chances of the accidents. This culture should be implemented in metro project project work, optimum use of resources, enhanced functional and managerial capability

This paper suggests that improvement the quality of training will improve overall outcome of the metro project but less expenditure is allotted for training purpose. Process control and proses control analysis will hamper each activities performance and activity can be improved. Human resource should be developed to quality-oriented operation result. Benchmarking should be done to measure the performance and quality. The bar of quality and performance of suppliers should be improved through continues analyses. Employee should be empowering and should be involved in decision making.

From the literature survey carried out it is concluded that, there are few disadvantages or limitation in existing managerial structure in metro projects which can be reduce by effective management structure and its evaluation can be done by using scoring model analysis and paired test.

1. Antony ugoni b.sc. (hons). Bruce f. Walker d.c. 1995 ―The t test: an introduction‖ 2. Craig A, Nelson 1986 ―A scoring model for flexible manufacturing systems project selection‖ 3. Ehab elkassas, hossam hosny, waleed mattr International Journal of Engineering Science and Innovative Technology (IJESIT) Volume 2, Issue 3, May 2013 Optimum Organizational Structure for Construction Projects 4. J.R. San Cristóbal, V. Fernández, E. Diaz. 2018 ―An analysis of the main project organizational structures: Advantages, disadvantages, and factors affecting their selection‖ 5. John A Kuprenas, 2001, Implementation and performance of matrix organization structure 6. Jounce. Moore, Jr., & Norman r. Baker 1969 ―An Analytical Approach to Scoring Model Design Application to Research and Development Project Selection‖ 7. Miryam Barad & Tzvi Raz, International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, June 2000, Contribution of quality management tools & practices to project management performance and Management: China‘s Guangzhou Metro Experience‖ 9. Lokesh Kumar Meena, S. L. Bairwa, K. Lakra, Maina Kumari, and R.S.Meena, 2013, A study of line and staff organisation in organization behavior 10. Niraj Sharma, Rajni Dhyani, S. Gangopadhyay, 2013, Critical Issues Related to Metro Project in India. 11. Niyazuden Kamaruden, Balan Sundarakani, Mohammad Nabhan Road & Transport Authority, 2018 Study of Service Operation of Metro: Action research embedded with case study.

PG Scholar, PVPIT Bavdhan, Pune