Hematological and Biochemical Parameters of Major Carps with Reference to Fish Production

Aquaculture is the most promising and quickly growing food production business to help fulfill the world's ever-increasing demand for food (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2005). Aquaculture is unique amongst methods of animal production in that it allows for the cultivation of a wide range of species in both natural and man-made settings. Aquaculture is crucial to the economic success of farmers. However, the rapid and sometimes uncontrolled growth of aquaculture poses a danger to the viability of the industry owing to the occurrence of diseases and illnesses.[1] As aquaculture output, commerce, and population increase, so too does the risk of fish diseases spreading. In recent years, aquaculture has flourished in a number of Asian countries. The goal is to optimize production in relation to available cultural space. In the great majority of facilities that raise marine animals. The origins of aquaculture may be traced back thousands of years to Asia. Because of technological advancements, aquaculture is now a more nuanced sector that incorporates a wider variety of aquatic species and agricultural methods and provides customers with more choices. This is because the food production industry is affected by political, social, economic, technical, and cultural variables.[2-3] India's fishing sector is thriving, with abundant resources and bright future potential. After India won her independence, the country finally began to recognize the importance of the fisheries and agricultural industries. India is a major seafood exporter across the world. Multiple reports have highlighted the significance of inland fisheries to national food security and regional prosperity. Aquatic habitats in India have been monitored using chemical and biological techniques. Analyzing the influence of chemical intake on organisms, the biological technique is useful for detecting nutritional, metal, pesticide, radioactive, etc. levels. Microorganisms like these can only exist in the euphotic zone, the upper layer of freshwater lakes, reservoirs, ponds, and rivers, where oxygen and nutrients are abundant. Fish is a vital element of the human diet because of its high protein content and health benefits. Fish may contain trace amounts of cholesterol and insoluble lipids. Fish have many positive effects on human life and prosperity. [4-5]

Many aspects of fish physiology and anatomy are similar to those of other vertebrates. Energy metabolism and development in teleost fish are subject to intricate endocrine regulation.[6] The endocrine system of fishes is highly developed and on par with that of other vertebrates. When it comes to their anatomy and physiology, fish are quite similar to other vertebrates. Changes in plasma hormone or substrate concentrations, or alterations in erythrocytes properties, are all putative indicators of stress caused by environmental perturbations. The stress response in fish is sensitive to both short-term and long-term changes in their environment. Hormone levels and diurnal

Gad N.S. (2019) The biological assessment of even transient or intermittent water pollution requires the use of microbiological water quality analysis, which has shown to be a significant and beneficial instrument. which programs for monitoring chemical samples may miss. Therefore, using bacterial type assessment in a monitoring program may help preserve the ecosystem's diversity. There are several potential hiding places for pathogens in an aquaculture facility's recirculation system. In this case, the fish themselves serve as the most crucial cold storage. Fish may be vectors for diseases with clear clinical manifestations. Fish illness diagnosis is a challenging part of aquaculture production operations. Parasite, viral, bacterial, and fungal infections, in addition to dietary and environmental variables, are common triggers for such illnesses.[8] Brown L. (2015) Most infectious diseases are not caused by a single pathogen but rather by a collection of them. The only way to determine what's wrong with a sick fish is to examine and dissect it. Most fish diseases may be identified, however, by microscopic examination. In order to transport the necessary chemicals and energy to and from the body, all living organisms need an environment that is suitable for their life. Fish production is highly associated with biological output, which is in turn heavily influenced by the ecological and physicochemical status of the water body.[9] Gill T.S., Epple A. (2020) Many fish in aquaculture facilities perish from diseases caused by parasites, bacteria, and viruses, all of which are exacerbated by pollution. Fish may be protected against disease with the use of medication. However, antibiotic and chemotherapeutic use has been heavily criticized for contributing to the spread of drug-resistant bacteria and for being hazardous to fish and the environment. As aquaculture production becomes more intensive, diseases such various infectious disorders become more widespread, causing significant economic losses. The spread of infectious illnesses is a major obstacle to expanding aquaculture. Multiple chemotherapeutants have been used successfully to treat and prevent disease. However, the widespread use of antimicrobials in aquaculture has resulted in the rise of microorganisms resistant to these drugs. Potentially harmful effects of these antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains on fish farms and human health cannot be ruled out.[10] Erdem C., Kargin F. (2016) Catla catla and Labeo rohita, two species of large carp native to India, have high market demand and widespread public acceptance as a food source because to their delicious flavor and tender flesh. The production of these species represents a significant component of south drugs have seen significant increases in usage over the last several decades for disease prevention and control, they are not sufficient as stand-alone disease control methods in aquaculture.[11] Handy R.D. (2016) Phytochemicals, the active components found in medicinal plants, are very valuable and crucial to the economy. Non-nutritional plant compounds with antioxidant or disease-preventative qualities are called phytochemicals. the phenols, saponins, unsaturated lactones, and cytogenic glycosides are only a few examples of these classes of compounds. Plants produce compounds that aid in the upkeep of human and animal health. Many different phytochemicals are synthesized by plants, yet they all have common biochemical building blocks. As a byproduct of their metabolic processes, all plants exude chemical substances. Primary and secondary metabolites are included.[12]

The purpose of this research was to examine the connection between the hematological and biochemical parameters of main carps and fish production at Goriara Dam in Sidhi, Madhya Pradesh.

The Indian state of Madhya Pradesh has many tribal districts, one of which is called Sidhi District. Sidhi is the administrative center of its own district. A portion of Rewa Division, this area is of interest. Sidhi District, which forms the state's northern and eastern boundaries, is a representation of Madhya Pradesh's illustrious past. Natural and cultural artifacts abound in the Sidhi area. The river Son, which flows through the area, has helped earn this region a reputation for its abundant natural beauty and riches.

Subsurface water samples were taken at a depth of 15-20 centimeters in a pond. Multiple samples were taken from various locations, and then combined to create the final sample, so that it would be representative of the whole. The sample was kept and analyzed in a sterilized one-liter glass container with a screw-on closure.

A mercury centigrade thermometer with a maximum reading of 110 degrees Celsius was used to measure the temperature of the water. The

A portable digital pH meter from ELICO MAKE IN THE LABORATORY was used to test the water's pH on the spot.

The pond sample (20 ml) was mixed with 1 ml of managanous sulfate solution just after collection. Then we added 1 ml of alkalme potassium 10d1de (KI). The lid was screwed on tightly, and the contents were shaken repeatedly to ensure complete dispersion. Waited 10 minutes for the prec1p1tate 1f to form before discarding the bottle. Two milliliters of sulphuric acid of AR grade concentration were used to dissolve the resulting brown precipitate. The sample was titrated against a sodium thiosulfate solution (N/80 Na2S203) standard until a paint yellow color developed, and then 1 ml of starch was added as a md1cator before the content was titrated until the initial blue color faded to clear.

The total alkalinity was determined using the methyl orange medicator technique. The alkalinity of the water was measured by collecting a sample in a plastic container and analyzing it as soon as feasible (to prevent denaturation). The end point, a faint orange color, was reached by adding 0.1 ml of methyl-orange md1cator to 50 ml of material in an Erlenmeyer's flask and titrating against 0.021 N standard sulphuric acid.

The pH of a water sample obtained in an Erlenmeyer's flask was incorrectly timed at 12–13 after buffer solution was added. After adding 0.1 ml of Enchrome Black T (EBT) md1cator and stirring, the reaction was titrated against 0.01% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) until a blue color developed. The following procedure was used to get the overall hardness. Totalsolublesolids Water sample total solids were calculated by evaporation. One hundred milliliters of water were measured into a preweighed beaker and then evaporated in a 103 degree Celsius oven. After evaporation, the total solids were determined by weighing the beaker.

Fish ranging in weight from 200 to 1200 grams of both sexes were used in this study. The fish that were purchased were sorted into three groups according to their relative size. According to their morphometric data, tiny fish (Wi=200–500 g), medium fish (W2=550–850 g), and giant fish (W3=900–1200 g) have been separated into three distinct groups.Wi groups ranged in length from 22.5" to 31.8% for Catla catla, 23.7% to 33.2% for Labeo rohita, and 25.2% to 34.6% for Cirrhinus mngala. The overall length of W2 groups in Catla catla is also comparable.The sizes of the Laheo rohita and the Cirrhinus mngala ranged from around 32 to 39.5 centimeters to between 33.5 and 40.8 centimeters. These fish ranged in size from 39.5 to 44.3 centimeters, 41.2 to 46.5 centimeters, and 43.8 to 51.4 centimeters among W3 groups.

During the course of the research, fish were taken from the pond. After the gathered specimens were thoroughly cleaned in the lab, their sex, total length in centimeters, and total weight in grams could be calculated. Fishes were divided into three groups according to their combined weight: Wi (200-500g), W2 (550-850g), and W3 (900-1200g). Biochemical components were measured in muscle and liver samples collected from each group throughout the year.

MSTATC statistical software was used for the study. Mean Mean Standard Error (SE) was the data presentation format. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to examine the data. Duncan's multiple range test (at the 5% significance level) was used to compare the significant means. Correlation coefficients (r) were also computed for biochemical parameters in relation to one another, water parameters, and biological indices.

picture 1 show the range of values for each water quality indicator measured in the fish pond during the course of the research.

Since fish are cold-blooded, their body temperature, development, feed intake, and other bodily functions are all affected by the water's temperature. During the time period of the investigation, the average temperature exhibited a range of 20.5°C to 30.5°C. In the winter, lows dipped to 20.5 degrees Celsius, while summer highs reached 30.5 degrees Celsius.

It is the concentration of hydrogen ions. pH levels varied on average between 6.8 and 7.8 during the course of the research. The pH of the water is neutral. The springtime (7.8) and the rainy season (6.8) had the highest and lowest values, respectively.

One key indicator of water quality is the amount of dissolved oxygen present. Water's oxygen-holding capacity. The average concentration of dissolved oxygen was found to shift from 5.8 to 7.6 mgl"1 over the seasons. The lowest figure (58 mgr1) was recorded

Carbonate and bicarbonate ions, typically in the form of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), are responsible for the alkalinity of the water sample. Alkalinity levels averaged between 111.3 and 132.5 mg"1 The alkalinity was lowest in the springtime (l113 mgr1) and highest in the summer (1325 mgr1).

Haematological parameters of several fishes were determined by taking into account sex and seasonal fluctuations during the course of the research. Hemoglobin, total erythrocyte count, white blood cell count, packed cell volume, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration were shown as averages for both sexes across all four seasons. Total protem, glucose, lipid, and cholesterol levels were also measured and evaluated in the participants' blood during the course of the research. Haematological and biochemical markers differed significantly by sex and season.

Tables 4 and 5 detail the biochemical characteristics of muscle and liver according to season, sex, and size.

The table displays the correlation between several biochemical markers measured in muscle and liver. Correlations between water parameters and biochemical markers in muscle and liver were also tabulated. The moisture content of the liver of Labeo rohita was found to have a statistically significant inverse relationship with liver protein (r=-0.515, p0.01), liver lipid (r=-0.522, p0.01), and liver fatty acid (r=-0.380, p0.01), as well as an inverse relationship with muscle protein (r=-0.472, p0.01), muscle lipid (r=-0.654, p Liver ash and muscle ash were shown to have a significant positive connection (r=O 459, p0 01). There was a positive association between liver protein and muscle protein (r=0.565, p0.01), a positive correlation between liver lipid and muscle lipid (r=0.516, p0.01), and a positive correlation between muscle fatty acid and muscle protein (r=0.651, p0.01), but a negative correlation between liver protein and muscle moisture (r=-0.544, p0.01). There was a statistically significant positive association between liver lipid and muscle lipid (r=0.623, p.01) and between liver fatty acid and muscle lipid (r=0.706, p.50) and a statistically significant negative correlation between liver lipid and muscle moisture (r=-0.357, p.01). There was a statistically significant positive relationship between liver fatty acid and both muscle hpid and muscle fatty acid (r=O 425 and r=O 595, respectively, at p.SO 01).

The purpose of this research was to examine the relationship between the hematological and biochemical parameters of main carps and fish production at Goriara Dam in Sidhi, Madhya Pradesh. Variations in hematological and biochemical markers were found across main carp species, with water quality and seasonal fluctuations being the most influential. These measurements provide light on the principal carps' metabolic processes, general health, and environmental adaptations. Some hematological and biochemical markers were shown to have a favorable link with fish output, indicating they may serve as good indicators of fish health and productivity. Fish health monitoring, stressor identification, and optimal fish production in comparable aquatic habitats are all aided by these results, which have significant implications for fisheries management.

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Research Scholar, SGS Govt. Auto. PG. College, Sidhi (A.P.S. University, Rewa)