Analysis on Season Wise Agricultural Laborers’ Employment and Unemployment

Agriculture represents just about 60 percent of total employment in India. Employment in agriculture is rural-based (97 percent); yet it is discouraging to take note of that in the provincial part the rate of development of employment in agriculture sector is appallingly low (0.01 percent) and was unimportant amid the '90s. The comparing growth amid the '80s was moderate and noteworthy (1.18 percent). With expanded weight on land, the job of united exercises increments however the yearly compound growth rate (ACGR) of employment for the majority of the partnered exercises are negative amid the 90s (Runge, 2008). The growth of agricultural pay amid the 90s isn't just acceptable and huge; it is imperceptibly higher (0.02 percent) than the relating growth rate during the 80s. The pay pattern for associated exercises is empowering. In ranger service and fisheries the pay growth isn't just positive however it is imperceptibly higher than the earlier decade. On account of animals however the salary growth is most astounding among every single associated action, the growth rate during the '90s declined over the earlier decade. This mis-coordinate among employment and salary proposes work less growth in agriculture too. For a legitimate understanding of the purposes behind this perturbing pattern a detection into the example of agricultural growth in the nation is important (Suresh & Nirmala, 2009). With trade liberalization, the overall cost of exportable products for the most part increments also, that of importable wares diminishes. In the short run (here 3-4 years) a ceaseless increment in the general cost of an item expands its creation all the more regularly by substituting it for importable items with no huge impact on the trimmed area. Accordingly, the general offer of exportable items increments in the total esteem; such increment in offer may not result in critical increment of employment at the item total dimension. Increment of employment at the total dimension would rely upon employment power of the contending crops, and its impact on the cropped area. Files of cropped area anyway demonstrate a peripheral decrease during the 90s over the earlier decade (Runge, 2006).

Labor is the most vital contribution to expanding generation in customary agriculture. In the beginning time of development, since land was accessible in bounty increment in labor supply prompted the clearing of more land for bringing it under development. At this phase of development the expansion in labor supply was a help to the general public. It made positive commitment and aided in expanding agricultural generation. Modernizing agriculture included presentation of new innovation. The mechanical development

required heightening of labor utilize, for example, seed bed creation, weeding, irrigation and harvesting. Subsequently, labor is basic contribution to current agricultural development (Jha, 2004). Agricultural laborers are economically and socially most unfortunate area of the general public. Agricultural laborer family units comprise the verifiably denied social gatherings, uprooted handicraftsmen and seized peasantry. They are the most unfortunate of the poor in rural India. Their growth mirrors the colonial legacy of a work in progress and the insufficiencies of arranging intercession before. Congestion and agricultural laborer‘s growth proceeded with unabated, given poor labor ingestion in the non-agricultural area and additionally deficiencies of changes in the agrarian structure. The destitution disorder among agricultural laborers should be perused against such a foundation of delayed rural a work in progress, assetlessness, unemployment, low wages, under-sustenance, illiteracy and social backwardness comprise the neediness disorder among agricultural laborers. These fortify one another in order to comprise an endless loop of destitution. There is little between generational upward versatility among agricultural laborer family units (Sidhu and Singh, 2014).

Raphael (2009) [6] led ponder on example of income broadening in rural Nigeria. The essential information was gathered through meeting based review of farm families in Kwara state, North Central Nigeria. The aggregate of 220 farm families were chosen through multistage random sampling technique. The forbidden analysis with midpoints and rates and standard deviation were utilized for the analysis. There were two ordinarily utilized techniques for breaking down family income expansion methodologies. The principal strategy was the income-based methodology, which took a gander at family unit interest in various income winning exercises of the rural economy. The second is resource – based methodology, which break down the income enhancement conduct by direct examination of the family's advantage enrichment. The investigation uncovered that greater part of households were genuinely differentiated; 50 percent of all out income was from off-farm sources. Strikingly, more extravagant households will in general be increasingly broadened, proposing that expansion was viewed as a hazard the board methodology as well as a way to expand by and large income. However because of market defects, asset poor households were considered in expanding income sources. Diminishing market disappointment through foundation upgrades could improve their circumstance, while in the meantime, advancing specialization among the moderately happier. Bhakar et al. (2007) [7], directed an examination on ―Employment and Income Pattern in Rural Areas of examination. Aggregate of 118 households were chosen. The chose households were talked with utilizing pre-tried survey for gathering the information. The investigative devices employed were unthinkable introduction with midpoints and rates. The investigation uncovered that non-farm and farm exercises were the fundamental wellsprings of income and employment with insignificant commitment of off-farm action in the rural areas of Chhattisgarh state. The little households just as landless households amid the slack agricultural seasons rely upon rural non-farm exercises as the wellspring of winning. There exists a wide dissimilarity in economy of non-farm and farm households, as the all-out salary was higher under ranch than non-ranch family units. Be that as it may, on per capita premise, there isn't much distinction among non-farm and farm households in light of the fact that the last have been found to produce adequate income from non-farm exercises. Nithyashree and Suresh (2013) [8] broke down the provincial example of agricultural growth, and rural employment in India. The investigation was based on the optional information incorporated from different reports distributed by CSO, DES and from sites of Government of India (GoI). Information on income and employment were gathered from the NSSO study reports. Compound growth rate and Gini coefficient was utilized for analysis of the information. The consequences of the examination appeared agricultural growth recorded was 3 percent for every annum amid 2005-06 to 2010-11. When all is said in done the income of rural family expanded by 24.97 percent amid the period 2004-05 to 2009-10, and the expansion has been most noteworthy for agricultural labors (31.97 percent), trailed independent from anyone else employed in agriculture (25.12 percent) and self-employed in nonagricultural part (21.89 percent). The investigation uncovered that a move from the households self-employed in agriculture and agricultural labor towards self-employed in non-agricultural segment and the other labor jobs, which has emphasizd labor shortage in the rural areas. Ritesh (2012) [9] in his paper Migration: A diagram and important issues, examined about how migration is proceeding in various pieces of India and how it is ending up increasingly more pivotal towards improving livelihood status. Utilizing optional information from different NSSO rounds. The unthinkable analysis with midpoints and rates was utilized for the analysis. The examination uncovered that in 2004-05, Indian labor compel comprised of around 430 million people, developing every year at around two percent. In spite of MGNREGA executed in all areas, migration of talented and incompetent laborers has not ceased yet; it is proceeding in parts and pieces. Laborers and farmers are moving towards urban areas to

and so on. The significant migration is because of disappointment of agriculture as standard livelihood action. Uma et al (2013) [10] directed examination on provincial migration for incorporation. The investigation was led in Karnataka. The essential information was gathered through meeting plan. Hundred respondents were chosen from various development fields in Mysore. SPSS bundle was utilized for the analysis. Matched t-test was utilized to break down the compensation contrasts when migration. Exceed expectations was utilized for organization and development of graph. The examination uncovered that the vagrant laborers from North Karnataka are getting to be principle labor source to the development division in the urban communities and the development works of the urban communities are pulling these laborers as a result of high wages. Moved laborers are coming to southern area in great number for employment to satisfy their monetary just as social needs. The greater part of the laborers have claim land holding yet they think that it‘s extremely hard to endure due to the unfavorable condition in agriculture area. In this way they move. They felt that the migration has helped them to get incorporated into the development procedure.

1. To analyze Season wise agricultural laborers‘ employment 2. To analyze Season wise agricultural laborer‘s unemployment

The research was conducted on the village farmers to find out the Season wise unemployment and employment of the Agricultural laborers based on three seasons Kharif, Rabi and summer season.

The season shrewd agricultural laborers‘ employment in agriculture is given in Table 1. There are for the most part three agricultural seasons in particular kharif, rabi and summer. Jowar, bajra, maize, wheat and gram are the significant food crops developed in the investigation area. Jowar, bajra and gram are developed in kharif season and wheat is developed in rabi season. From the Table 4.2 it very well may be seen that amid kharif season agricultural laborers got employment for greatest number of days that is 87.16 employment in a year. Amid rabi season they got employment for 76.21 days. In this season the agricultural laborers got 40.83 percent of the all-out employment in agriculture in a year. Amid summer season agricultural laborers got employment just for 23.34 days, which represented just 12.51 percent of the all-out employment in a year (Figure 1).

5.2 Season wise agricultural laborers‟ unemployment From the Table 2 it is apparent that amid kharif season agricultural laborers were unemployed for 34.86 days, which represented about 19.55 percent of the all-out unemployed days in agriculture in a year. Amid rabi season they were Unemployed for 46.81 days, which represented about 26.26 percent of the all-out unemployed days in agriculture in a year. In summer season agricultural laborers did not get employment in agriculture for 96.67 days, which contributed for 54.22 percent to the all-out unemployed days in agriculture in a year (Figure 2).

The kharif season by and large stretches out from June to September and the rabi season reaches out from October to January. The ladies laborers got employment for 85 days in kharif season and 77.93 days in rabi season. The employment days for two seasons indicated variety. There may not be sufficient work accessible because of diminished developed area amid rabi season. It is on the grounds that the investigation area is drought district; enough dampness won't be held in the soil to develop rabi crops. Just couples of farmers go for cultivation of rabi crops and a few farmers having irrigation offices develop sugarcane and plant crops. All these might have been explanations behind variety in the quantity of employed days. The issue of unemployment in agriculture has been extreme because of its seasonal nature. Additionally the presence of divided property, crop misfortune because of drought and pest attack have disjoined the issue of unemployment. In the investigation area the agricultural laborers had no employment in agriculture for 178.35 days.

The seasonal agricultural laborers‘ unemployment in agriculture has caused a serious effect on the income of laborers, family expenditure, their savings and it additionally made migration of laborers different exercises or different spots. The agricultural laborers couldn't get employment amid off season, so they moved to different jobs or different spots. It is discovered that agricultural laborers get seasonal season, it is important to expand the irrigation offices and to teach the farmers to pursue differentiated farming. The seasonal agricultural laborers‘ unemployment has negative effect on their income, utilization expenditure and savings. So there is have to make extra income hotspots for agricultural laborers. This should be possible through bestowing business enterprise preparing to laborers and giving credit at less expensive rates of enthusiasm for doing self-ventures, for example, dairy farming, poultry, goat raising, food handling and other trivial business. It will help them in producing employment and connecting with themselves beneficially.

1. C. Ford Runge (2008). "Agricultural economics," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Ed., Abstract. 2. Suresh, S., Nirmala, J. (2009). Economic study of agricultural labourers. Southern Economist. January 1: pp. 17-20. 3. Ford Runge (2006). "Agricultural Economics: A Brief Intellectual History," page 1 (abstract), University of Minnesota Working Paper WP06-1, June 2006. 4. Jha, B. (2004). Implications of Trade Liberalisation for the Livestock Sector, IEG Working Paper Series No. E/ 243/ 2004. 5. Sidhu, R. S. and Sukhpal Singh (2014). ―Agricultural Wages and Employment in Punjab,‖ Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 39, (September 11): pp. 4132-4135. 6. Raphael (2009) Pattern of rural diversification in rural Nigeria, determinants and impacts. Quarterly J. International Agric., 48(4): pp. 305-320. 6. Bhakar, R., Banafar, K. N. S., Singh, N. P. and Gauraha, A. K. (2007). Income and employment pattern in rural areas of Chattisgarh. Agric. Econ. Res. Rev., Conference Issue, pp. 395- 406. 7. Nithyashree, M. L and Suresh Pal (2013). Regional pattern of agricultural growth and rural employment in India: have small farmers benefited. Agric. Econ. Res. Rev. Conference Issue, pp. 1-11. 8. Ritesh Dwivedi (2012). Migration: An overview and relevant issues. Manag. Insight. 8(2): pp. 25-33.

Habeeb (2013). Regional migration for inclusion: A study of agricultural labourers from North Karnataka to South Karnataka. International J. Scientific Res. Pub., 3(6): pp. 1-4.

Ph.D. Scholar of Panjab University, Chandigarh