Causes and Remedies for Suicide in Adolescents and Youth: A Critical Analysis

INTRODUCTION

Suicide is a Latin word from 'suicaedere' that involves harming oneself or hurting oneself deliberately destroying one's life. Brown S. was the first author in his "Religio Medici" to use the term "suicide" in 1642, which evokes a number of public reactions. Suicide is not general illness, but it possibly includes a person in a condition of inner consciousness responsible for a health issue. The suicide rate ranges by age, ethnicity, faith, period and death registry procedures, which worldwide have become the leading causes of death. It reports that more people have died from suicide among young adults than from any other disorder. Suicide is performed every 40 seconds in the world (WHO). Twenty suicide attempters have ever attempted suicide. Many cases are young people who want to end their lives. Suicide in the world is the tenth leading cause of death and the worldwide prevalence rate is 16 suicide/100,000. Suicide rates in developed countries have risen in the last 45 years. This problem should not impact small children and teenagers. Thus, suicide among teens is a significant societal issue.[1]

The definition of young people in strict age groups is ambiguous and differs with time , based on region. It is rare to locate suicide below the age of 5. The bulk of research on suicide in young people (including the mini review) applies to school children (7–12 years old) and teens (13–20 years old). These young persons, particularly throughout their puberty, are naturally susceptible to mental health issues. This existence is defined in many fields simultaneously by shift, shifts and transformations from one state to another. Young people have to settle on essential realistic criteria in existence, such as education, living standards, peer circle, etc. They must also solve new issues in the creation of their own personality, self-esteem, freedom and accountability, and develop new interpersonal partnerships, etc. In the meanwhile the psychological and physical mechanisms themselves alter and are constant. Moreover, they also meet strong demands of important relatives and friends, often overly big. Such circumstances eventually trigger any impotence, vulnerability, uncertainty and a sensation of lack of power. In order to overcome these difficulties and to deal adequately with these feelings, young people must have the potential to gain access to sufficient supportive services, such as secure housing

have been carried out in recent decades, including interactions with main witnesses and the study of documents and follow-up analyses of suicidal actions showing valuable knowledge on adolescent suicide risk factors. All recognises that multiple variables will lead to suicide and that any suicide inevitably occurs in a very special, nuanced and complicated interplay involving genetic, behavioural, psychological and social influences. However, multiple forms of variables may be established that are specifically related to a higher adolescent suicide rate, which is very important for prevention.[3]

Per year, nearly 800,000 suicide incidents are triggered worldwide. Of these 1,35 thousand (17 per cent) live in India (India 2012 Registrar General). From 7.9 to 10.3/100,000 from 1987 to 2007, the suicide rate rose. The suicide rate is higher in the southern and eastern sections of India. Tamil Nadu placed first in the amount of suicides committed in Indian cities by 2012 figures, around 12.5% Maharashtra (11.9) and the third largest proportion of suicides in West Bengal (11.0%). The highest suicide rates in 2012 were 100 000 in Tamil Nadu and Kerala. The proportion of men and women was 2:1 (Indian government, 2012). Age-standardized suicide rates for Indians, sixth and top-ranked in the entire world, 25.8 for males, 22nd in WHO 2012. Approximately 46,000 suicides occurred in India from 15 to 29 and 30-44 within each age group (Government of India, 2012), respectively. Of these 80%, literary students were more than 74% of national average literacy (ADSI).[4]

Suicidal Tendency: Suicidal tendency implies a person's disposition to suicide or to commit suicide. Suicide, crisis, suicide ideation, Para suicides and unsuccessful suicide attempts may also be listed. Suicidal Behavior: This encompasses suicidal preparation, suicide attempts and suicide. This applies to acts performed by an individual who plans or aims to kill himself. Identified as a concern or behavior which is intended to intentionally trigger one's own death. The effort to destroy is key to the meaning.[5] Suicidal Ideation: refers to suicidal feelings or wishes to take their own lives. Suicide Attempt: refers to an act that is not effective in triggering one's own demise. Completed Suicide /Suicide: It applies to having induced your own death deliberately. The suicidal and 16th- and 8th-largest source of disease prevalence between the ages of 15-44. It needs an average hour to calculate to deter suicide to death.

In the absence of the underlying open mental conditions, suicidal thoughts, attempts and completions can occur. An ineffective circumstance has been reported to be more indicative of suicide than depressiveness (which involves difficulties in accepting that there is no suicidal solution to living problems). Each has a threshold of discomfort where they can't function. Just before an act of suicide the adaptive tolerance of the person is destroyed and the suffering may be overcome by committing suicide. If young adults are in the middle of a big life crisis and do not have an answer to their troubling difficulties, suicide may become a choice. Teenagers are experiencing intense shifts in the central nervous system and may know that their challenges are manageable.[6] They will not be willing to experience or inspire them to address their issues in one direction or another. For starters, school setbacks, intimidation, questions regarding thoughts or sentiments of homosexuality, personality disputes, significant narcissistic characteristics, quick access to weapons and others may be resolved in their lives (complicated by parental pressure to succeed), Some young people, who are frustrated by society, may retire from society by living at home while others leave their homes or commit suicide. Research in the USA states that being bisexual or homosexual in a very unsafe environment contributes to a high risk of suicide; for example, 42% of homosexual males in the US attempt suicide, particularly between 15 and 17 years of age. Chronic disorder may raise suicidal risk by precipitating depression or causing damage to the central nervous system due to complications of infection. U.S. use of alcohol or other substances complicates as many as 50% of fatalities of youth from depression and motor vehicle collisions. Many circumstances are highly traumatic and may contribute to suicidal trials and completions among the world's youth. For starters, in the United States there are 3 million reports of violence annually, several more not reported; about 15% of these reports are sexual assault, 26% physical abuse, 53% neglect or 5% assault emotional abuse, for example. In any form of confinement in the United States, more than 800,000 teenagers remain in correctional centers, hospitals or other institutions. In the nation, 140 million kids, whether migrants, citizens, or troops, are impacted by conflict. In these conflict conditions, often adolescents and young people are sexually assaulted by troops. According to estimations of the World Health Organization, there are 170 million street children States. In India , for example, nearly 40 percent of prostitutes are under 18 years old, while in Moscow (Russian Federation) the average age of female starting prostitution is 16 years old. The emotional and physical pressures on these children and young people are staggering.[7]

Most reports indicate a clear correlation between suicide and psychiatric illness. Around 90% of depressed individuals have undergone at least one psychiatric illness (19). It is reported that 47 to 74 percent of the possibility of suicide includes psychiatric illnesses. The most prevalent condition in this case is affective disorder. Depression criteria were seen in 50% to 65% of cases of suicide, less often among women than between men. Abuse of drugs and, in particular, abuse of alcohol is often closely connected with the risk of suicide, particularly for older teens and men. Of the individuals who die through suicide, approximately 30 and 40% have conditions through behavior such as minimal behavior or antisocial personality disorder. In young people with eating disorders, particularly nerve anorexia and in those with schizophrenia, suicide is always a cause of death, but schizophrenia as such accounts for relatively few young suicides. Lastly, suicidal and anxiety issues have often been found, but the impact of mood and drug misuse conditions, also occurring in such situations, is challenging to determine. Overall, psychiatric illness co-morbidity raises the likelihood of suicide significantly. The high incidence of co morbidity amongst affective and upload misuse disorders is especially significant here.[8]

Here, we speak about different cultural and risk factors for young people's suicidal thinking and behaviors. The best research emphasizes the behavioral causes correlated with adolescent violence and bullying. Mixed information is known regarding the impact of friends and media on suicide clusters. With respect to these associated risk factors, the timing of early life violence, nontraditional modes of peer victimization (i.e. cyber bullying) and power across the Internet remain positive yet appropriate proof of such. This are addressed in the following. [9] Childhood maltreatment: There are clear reports that different types of childhood trauma, including sexual, physical, and emotional violence, predict potential suicide and suicide attempts in young people. The single effect of sexual assault on suicidal and death purpose in teens and young adults, irrespective of contextual variables including family characteristics and family atmosphere has shown longer-term consequences than physical assault. Although emotional violence has become less commonly examined, it has now become clear that suicidal ideation among older children and teenagers monitored by covariates including a history of suicide, depressive symptoms and often sexual and physical violence controls has been increased. In recent years, study has concentrated on recognizing acute features correlated with suicidal feelings and behaviors (i.e. onset of initial disclosure and awareness within a particular developmental period). Mixed data have been provided on responsive cycles of exposure in mid adolescence, in some instances, the influence of exposure during pre-school, early childhood years, and in other instances, no relation at all. Any of these variables may rely on sex or on the kind of violence. Note that these person findings are primarily focused on cross-sectional structures and/or a history recollection of violence. [10] Bullying: Clear research indicates teasing as a contributing factor for childhood suicidal feelings and behaviors. Bullying is an action that is meant to damage or interrupt and reinforces itself, which invokes a disparity in power. Longitudinal findings have documented the impacts on later suicidal ideation, suicide attempt and suicide death of social isolation, oral/physical violence and peers' bullying before and after childhood. They generally regulate depression and other psychological symptoms and are very robust for the effect of pair victimization on women. The chronicity of victimization is an significant factor, since the risk of a suicidal ideation and attempt has risen over longer periods of exposure. Particularly, the likelihood of resulting suicidal thinking and symptoms, whether as a suspect, a survivor or in particular both, rises. Emerging studies centered on cyber bullying, mostly in alignment with conventional bullying, but particularly through mobile devices like cell phones or computers. The visibility of a target and the possibly frequently and chronicity of victimization (e.g. ability to harass 24 hours a day against select environments) both define cyber bullying. Cross-cutting findings have found that both perpetration and online bullying victimization was related to suicidal ideation and attempts. It has been seen that cyber bullying has equal or probably worse implications than conventional ways of bullying. The power of colleagues and newspapers. Another concern is why there have been any suicides in the setting. Many lines of proof have demonstrated that suicides are distributed over time ( i.e. points). Studies have shown that the point clusters in teenagers (for example, 15-19 years of age) are more frequent and uncommon in populations older than 24. While point cluster formation is generally recognized, many understandings remain about how and why these clusters appear. One choice is

or died by suicide projects potential suicidal attempts in the adolescent years will contain problematic sadness, social inclusion, and athletic partnerships (i.e., persons equally insecure are socially adjacent and prone to joint life stress). Mass clusters that are characterized in a similar timeframe by suicides, sometimes medially affected, are connected to point clusters but are distinct. Mass cluster results are less endorsed in contrast with point clusters. Some research indicate mass outbreaks throughout countries after extensive media reports of suicide, whilst others dispute the concept that media have imitative consequences. In terms of media consumption, the Internet as a general source of knowledge relating to suicide has progressively discussed the possible effects of the technology. In an online discussion forum unusual longitudinal analysis analyzing different sources of suicide knowledge, the use in the past of suicidal ideation and depression as a link to peer factors was found to improve suicidal ideation over time. There was no too heavy influence on other outlets such as social networking platforms and internet articles. In specific nations, web pages addressing realistic dimensions of suicide have been officially prohibited or barred. Often, the beneficial results of the internet, including the availability of assistance and social care have been reported. This field of study is still evolving and needs to be researched more and more carefully.

Suicide in young adults is a big concern for public mental wellbeing. Young adults, especially young people, are a mental wellbeing vulnerability of nature. While suicide in children is comparatively uncommon, it rises considerably in adolescence. And although suicide rates among young people are slowly declining, they continue to be a leading cause for death among young people worldwide and are also responsible for major premature deaths and an tremendous amount of inutile misery and social damage. Each suicide is a product of a complicated, uniquely dynamic interplay of many variables and individual suicide prevention attempts appear to fail.

1. Greydanus DE, Calles J Jr: Suicide in children and adolescents. Prim Care: Clin Off Pract. 2007; 34: pp. 259－273 2. Idema S, Takayama J, Internet Data-Japan. Personal Communication, 2008 3. World Health Organization (2002) World Report on Violence and Health: Summary. Geneva: WHO, HV 6625. Prevention. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; pp. 41－42 5. Kessler RC, Bergland P, Borges G, Nock M, Wang PS (2005). Trends in suicide ideation, plans, gestures, and attempts in the United States, 1990-1992 to 2001-2003. JAMA; 293: pp. 2487-2495 6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Suicide and attempted suicide. MMWR; 53: pp. 471 7. Zamekin A, Alter MR, Yemini T: Suicide in teenagers: assessment, management, and prevention. JAMA; 286: pp. 3120-3125 8. Goldsmith SK, Pellmar TC, Kleinman AM, Bunney WE, eds. (2002). Reducing Suicide: A National Imperative. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. 9. Mann JJ, Apter A, Bertolote J, Beautrais A, Currier D, Haas A, Hegerl U, Lonnqvist J, Malone K, Marusic A, Mehlum L, Patton G, Phillips M, Rutz W, Rihmer Z, Schmidtke A, Shaffer D, Silverman M, Takahashi Y, Varnik A, Wasserman D, Yip P, Hendin H (2005). Suicide prevention strategies: a systematic review. JAMA; 294: pp. 2064-2074 10. Pfeffer CR (2002). Suicide in mood disordered children and adolescents. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin No Am; 11: pp.

639－648.