Dynamics of Lower–Middle Atmospheric Coupling in Climate and Weather Systems
Keywords:
Forecasting, Climate, Atmospheric Layers, Dynamic, Weather, EnergyAbstract
Daily weather systems and global climate patterns are significantly influenced by the interaction between the lower and middle atmosphere. By facilitating the movement of momentum, energy, and heat across atmospheric layers, dynamic processes including gravity waves, planetary waves, and wave–mean flow interactions connect tropospheric disturbances with stratospheric and mesospheric reactions. Large-scale circulation characteristics like the quasi-biennial oscillation, stratospheric warming episodes, and meridional transport networks are shaped by even small-scale tropospheric disturbances, which have been shown to increase dramatically with altitude in both historical and modern studies. These processes show that the atmosphere functions as a single, interrelated system as opposed to separate levels. The progress of scientific knowledge about lower-middle atmospheric coupling is reviewed in this work, along with the main driving mechanisms governing vertical interactions and their significance for weather dynamics and climate variability. In order to increase forecasting and prediction accuracy, the research highlights the need of integrating these coupling mechanisms into climate models by combining observational data with theoretical advancements.
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