Main Article Content

Authors

Bhrigu Singh Parihar

Dr. A. P. Singh

Dr. Vivek Kumar Yadav

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to provide light on the possible benefits that Neem and Chirata may have over conventional antibiotics on the market. Investigations into the length of therapy and dose selection, as well as detailed examinations of safety profiles, will be used to attain this goal. As part of the therapeutic care of Salmonella typhi infections, an investigation of the efficacy of a number of medicinal and botanical extracts, including Neem and Chirata, is described. An in-depth investigation of the efficacy and safety of a number of different drugs, with a specific emphasis on how they affect S. typhi, is the purpose of this study. After it has been carried out, mechanistic study will assist in shedding light on the particular antibacterial processes that these drugs utilize. The abstract provides a concise summary of the aims of the study, which include evaluating the overall outcomes of clinical trials, comparing these interventions to standard treatments, investigating the synergistic benefits of combination therapy, monitoring the growth of antibiotic resistance, and evaluating the efficacy of combination therapy. And last, the abstract provides a concise analysis of the objectives of the clinical research as well as the possible future contributions that these investigations might make to the treatment of infectious diseases. This is accomplished by providing a synopsis of all the significant and substantial aspects of the clinical trials that are being taken into consideration.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Article Details

Section

Articles

References

  1. Adebolu, T. T., Adeoye, O. O., & Oyetayo, V. O. (2011). Effect of garlic (Allium sativum) on Salmonella typhi infection, gastrointestinal flora and hematological parameters of albino rats. African journal of biotechnology, 10(35), 6804-6808.
  2. Akujobi, C. O., Ogbulie, J. N., & Uchegbu, U. N. (2006). Antibacterial activities and preliminary phytochemical screening of Vernonia amygdalina and Citrus aurantifolia. Nig. J. Microbiol, 20(1), 649-654.
  3. Behera, B., & Mathur, P. (2011). High levels of antimicrobial resistance at a tertiary trauma care centre of India. The Indian Journal of Medical Research, 133(3), 343.
  4. Bhan, M. K., Bahl, R., & Bhatnagar, S. (2005). Typhoid and paratyphoid fever. The Lancet, 366(9487), 749-762.
  5. Bharti, V., Vasudeva, N., Sharma, S., & Duhan, J. S. (2013). Antibacterial activities of Origanum vulgare alone and in combination with different antimicrobials against clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi. Ancient science of life, 32(4), 212.
  6. Bhutta, Z. A. (2006). Current concepts in the diagnosis and treatment of typhoid fever. Bmj, 333(7558), 78-82.
  7. Chanda, S., & Rakholiya, K. (2011). Combination therapy: Synergism between natural plant extracts and antibiotics against infectious diseases. Microbiol Book Series, 1, 520-529.
  8. Chau, T. T., Campbell, J. I., Galindo, C. M., Van Minh Hoang, N., Diep, T. S., Nga, T. T. T., ... & Dolecek, C. (2007). Antimicrobial drug resistance of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi in Asia and molecular mechanism of reduced susceptibility to the fluoroquinolones. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 51(12), 4315-4323.
  9. Crump, J. A., Luby, S. P., & Mintz, E. D. (2004). The global burden of typhoid fever. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 82(5), 346-353.
  10. Dolecek, C., Phi La, T. T., Rang, N. N., Phuong, L. T., Vinh, H., Tuan, P. Q., ... & Farrar, J. (2008). A multi-center randomised controlled trial of gatifloxacin versus azithromycin for the treatment of uncomplicated typhoid fever in children and adults in Vietnam. PLoS One, 3(5), e2188.
  11. Fodouop, S. P. C., Tala, S. D., Keilah, L. P., Kodjio, N., Yemele, M. D., kamdje Nwabo, A. H., ... & Gatsing, D. (2017). Effects of Vitellaria paradoxa (CF Gaertn.) aqueous leaf extract administration on Salmonella typhimurium-infected rats. BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 17, 1-11.
  12. Gutiérrez‐Alcántara, E. J., Rangel‐Vargas, E., Gómez‐Aldapa, C. A., Falfan‐Cortes, R. N., Rodríguez‐Marín, M. L., Godínez‐Oviedo, A., ... & Castro‐Rosas, J. (2016). Antibacterial effect of roselle extracts (Hibiscus sabadariffa), sodium hypochlorite and acetic acid against multidrug‐resistant Salmonella strains isolated from tomatoes. Letters in applied microbiology, 62(2), 177-184.
  13. Hannan, A., Asghar, S., Naeem, T., Ullah, M. I., Ahmed, I., Aneela, S., & Hussain, S. (2013). Antibacterial effect of mango (Mangifera indica Linn.) leaf extract against antibiotic sensitive and multi-drug resistant Salmonella typhi. Pak J Pharm Sci, 26(4), 715-719.
  14. Johny, A. K., Hoagland, T., & Venkitanarayanan, K. (2010). Effect of subinhibitory concentrations of plant-derived molecules in increasing the sensitivity of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104 to antibiotics. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 7(10), 1165-1170.
  15. Kalia, P., Kumar, N. R., & Harjai, K. (2016). Studies on the therapeutic effect of propolis along with standard antibacterial drug in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infected BALB/c mice. BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 16, 1-15.
  16. Li, Y., Xu, C., Zhang, Q., Liu, J. Y., & Tan, R. X. (2005). In vitro anti-Helicobacter pylori action of 30 Chinese herbal medicines used to treat ulcer diseases. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 98(3), 329-333.
  17. Mandal, S., DebMandal, M., Pal, N. K., & Saha, K. (2010). Antibacterial activity of honey against clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 3(12), 961-964.
  18. Maskey, A. P., Day, J. N., Tuan, P. Q., Thwaites, G. E., Campbell, J. I., Zimmerman, M., ... & Basnyat, B. (2006). Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A and S. enterica serovar Typhi cause indistinguishable clinical syndromes in Kathmandu, Nepal. Clinical infectious diseases, 42(9), 1247-1253.
  19. Mbatchou, V. C., Ayebila, A. J., & Apea, O. B. (2011). Salmonella typhi. Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, 10(1), 1248-1258.
  20. McMurray, R. L., Ball, M. E. E., Tunney, M. M., Corcionivoschi, N., & Situ, C. (2020). Antibacterial activity of four plant extracts extracted from traditional Chinese medicinal plants against Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis. Microorganisms, 8(6), 962.
  21. Mehta, J., Rolta, R., & Dev, K. (2022). Role of medicinal plants from North Western Himalayas as an efflux pump inhibitor against MDR AcrAB-TolC Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium: In vitro and In silico studies. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 282, 114589.
  22. Olowosulu, A. K., & Ibrahim, Y. K. E. (2006). Studies on the antimicrobial screening of aqueous extracts of five plants used in Folk medicine in Nigeria. West Afr J Boil Sci, 3(5), 21-6.
  23. Orsi, R. D. O., Sforcin, J. M., Funari, S. R. C., Fernandes Junior, A., & Bankova, V. (2006). Synergistic effect of propolis and antibiotics on the Salmonella typhi. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 37, 108-112.
  24. Pandit, A., Arjyal, A., Day, J. N., Paudyal, B., Dangol, S., Zimmerman, M. D., ... & Basnyat, B. (2007). An open randomized comparison of gatifloxacin versus cefixime for the treatment of uncomplicated enteric fever. PLoS One, 2(6), e542.
  25. Parry, C. M., Ho, V. A., Phuong, L. T., Bay, P. V. B., Lanh, M. N., Tung, L. T., ... & Farrar, J. J. (2007). Randomized controlled comparison of ofloxacin, azithromycin, and an ofloxacin-azithromycin combination for treatment of multidrug-resistant and nalidixic acid-resistant typhoid fever. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 51(3), 819-825.
  26. Sadiq, M. B., Tarning, J., Aye Cho, T. Z., & Anal, A. K. (2017). Antibacterial activities and possible modes of action of Acacia nilotica (L.) Del. against multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli and Salmonella. Molecules, 22(1), 47.